References
Anderson, K. E., T. A. Linksvayer, and C. R. Smith. 2008. The causes and
consequences of genetic caste determination in ants (Hymenoptera:
Formicidae) 11:119–132.
Beye, M., M. Hasselmann, M. K. Fondrk, R. E. Page, and S. W. Omholt.
2003. The gene csd Is the primary signal for sexual development in the
honeybee and encodes an SR-type protein. Cell 114:419–429.
Cole, Arthur. 1968. Pogonomyrmex harvester ants: A study of the
genus in North America. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, TN.
Fjerdingstad, E. J., and R. H. Crozier. 2006. The evolution of worker
caste diversity in social insects. The American Naturalist 167:390–400.
Hölldobler, B., R. and E. O. Wilson. 1990. The Ants. Harvard University
Press.
Hughes, W. O. H., and J. J. Boomsma. 2008. Genetic royal cheats in
leaf-cutting ant societies. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences 105:5150–5153.
Johnson, B. R., and W. C. Jasper. 2016. Complex patterns of differential
expression in candidate master regulatory genes for social behavior in
honey bees. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 70:1033–1043.
Johnson, R. A., and C. S. Moreau. 2016. A new ant genus from southern
Argentina and southern Chile, Patagonomyrmex (Hymenoptera:
Formicidae). Zootaxa 4139:1.
Kassambara, A. 2020. ggpubr: “ggplot2” Based Publication Ready Plots.
Klein, A., E. Schultner, H. Lowak, L. Schrader, J. Heinze, L. Holman,
and J. Oettler. 2016. Evolution of social insect polyphenism facilitated
by the sex differentiation cascade. PLoS genetics 12:e1005952.
Lecocq de Pletincx, N., S. Dellicour, and S. Aron. 2021. The evolution
of ant worker polymorphism correlates with multiple social traits.
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 75:113.
Lillico-Ouachour, A., and E. Abouheif. 2017. Regulation, development,
and evolution of caste ratios in the hyperdiverse ant genusPheidole . Current Opinion in Insect Science 19:43–51.
McAfee, A., J. S. Pettis, D. R. Tarpy, and L. J. Foster. 2019. Feminizer
and doublesex knock-outs cause honey bees to switch sexes. PLoS Biology
17:e3000256.
Molet, M., D. E. Wheeler, and C. Peeters. 2012. Evolution of novel
mosaic castes in ants: modularity, phenotypic plasticity, and colonial
buffering. The American Naturalist 180:328–341.
Moreau, C. S. 2008. Unraveling the evolutionary history of the
hyperdiverse ant genus Pheidole (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 48:224–239.
Oksanen, J., F. G. Blanchet, M. Friendly, R. Kindt, P. Legendre, D.
McGlinn, P. R. Minchin, R. B. O’Hara, G. L. Simpson, P. Solymos, M. H.
H. Stevens, E. Szoecs, and H. Wagner. 2020. vegan: Community Ecology
Package.
Orme, D., R. Freckleton, G. Thomas, T. Petzoldt, S. Fritz, N. Isaac, and
W. Pearse. 2018. caper: Comparative Analyses of Phylogenetics and
Evolution in R.
Oster, G. F., and E. O. Wilson. 1979. Caste and Ecology in the Social
Insects. Princeton University Press.
Qiu, B., X. Dai, P. Li, R. Larsen, R. Li, A. Price, G. Ding, M. Texada,
X. Zhang, D. Zuo, Q. Gao, W. Jiang, T. Wen, L. Pontieri, C. Guo, K.
Rewitz, Q. Li, W. Liu, J. Boomsma, and G. Zhang. 2022. Canalized gene
expression during development mediates caste differentiation in ants.
Research Square.
R Core Team. 2021. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical
Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
Rajakumar, R., D. San Mauro, M. B. Dijkstra, M. H. Huang, D. E. Wheeler,
F. Hiou-Tim, A. Khila, M. Cournoyea, and E. Abouheif. 2012. Ancestral
developmental potential facilitates parallel evolution in ants. Science
335:79–82.
Roth, A., C. Vleurinck, O. Netschitailo, V. Bauer, M. Otte, O.
Kaftanoglu, R. E. Page, and M. Beye. 2019. A genetic switch for worker
nutrition-mediated traits in honeybees. PLOS Biology 17:e3000171.
RStudio Team. 2022. RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R.
RStudio, PBC, Boston, MA.
Rueden, C. T., J. Schindelin, M. C. Hiner, B. E. DeZonia, A. E. Walter,
E. T. Arena, and K. W. Eliceiri. 2017. ImageJ2: ImageJ for the next
generation of scientific image data. BMC Bioinformatics 18:529.
Salazar, G. 2022. EcolUtils: Utilities for community ecology analysis.
Schwander, T., J.-Y. Humbert, C. S. Brent, S. H. Cahan, L. Chapuis, E.
Renai, and L. Keller. 2008. Maternal effect on female caste
determination in a social insect. Current Biology 18:265–269.
Smith, C. R. 2007. Energy use and allocation in the Florida harvester
ant, Pogonomyrmex badius: are stored seeds a buffer? Behavioral Ecology
and Sociobiology 61:1479–1487.
Smith, C. R., K. E. Anderson, C. V. Tillberg, J. Gadau, and A. V.
Suarez. 2008a. Caste determination in a polymorphic social insect:
Nutritional, social, and genetic factors. The American Naturalist
172:497–507.
Smith, C. R., S. Helms Cahan, C. Kemena, S. G. Brady, W. Yang, E.
Bornberg-Bauer, T. Eriksson, J. Gadau, M. Helmkampf, D. Gotzek, M.
Okamoto Miyakawa, A. V. Suarez, and A. Mikheyev. 2015. How do genomes
create novel phenotypes? Insights from the loss of the worker caste in
ant social parasites. Molecular Biology and Evolution 32:2919–2931.
Smith, C. R., C. Morandin, M. Noureddine, and S. Pant. 2018. Conserved
roles of Osiris genes in insect development, polymorphism and
protection. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 31:516–529.
Smith, C. R., N. S. Mutti, W. C. Jasper, A. Naidu, C. D. Smith, and J.
Gadau. 2012. Patterns of DNA methylation in development, division of
labor and hybridization in an ant with genetic caste determination. PLOS
ONE 7:e42433.
Smith, C. R., A. L. Toth, A. V. Suarez, and G. E. Robinson. 2008b.
Genetic and genomic analyses of the division of labour in insect
societies. Nature Reviews Genetics 9:735–748.
Smith, C. R., and W. R. Tschinkel. 2006. The sociometry and sociogenesis
of reproduction in the Florida harvester ant, Pogonomyrmexbadius. Journal of Insect Science 6:32.
Smith, J. M., and E. Szathmary. 1997. The Major Transitions in
Evolution. Oxford University Press.
Stubblefield, J. W., and J. Seger. 1994. Sexual dimorphism in the
Hymenoptera. Pages 71–103 The differences between the sexes. Cambridge
University Press.
Tschinkel, W. R. 1998. Sociometry and sociogenesis of colonies of the
harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex badius : worker characteristics in
relation to colony size and season. Insectes Sociaux 45:385–410.
Warner, M. R., L. Qiu, M. J. Holmes, A. S. Mikheyev, and T. A.
Linksvayer. 2019. Convergent eusocial evolution is based on a shared
reproductive groundplan plus lineage-specific plastic genes. Nature
communications 10:1–11.
Wickham, H. 2016. ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis.
Springer-Verlag New York.