Figure 2. Body size by shape plots using nMDS for both P. barbatus (left, A and C) and P. badius (right, D and D). In A-B, MDS1 is regressed onto untransformed body length to demonstrate that the first multivariate axis (MDS1) is a proxy for body size. C and D thus show size on the x-axis and the first orthogonal multivariate factor (MDS2) is a dimension of shape. Superimposed on the plots are the correlation between individual measurements and the multivariate factors. In all plots, red = gynes, blue = males, green = (minor) workers, and orange = major workers. Note, MDS1 was rotated in P. badius to make the plots easier to compare.