Drug candidate Target Antiviral mechanism of action References
Remdesivir RNA polymerase Prodrug of an adenine analog that incorporates into nascent viral RNA chains and results in pre-mature termination (Wang et al., 2020)
Baloxavir marboxil RNA polymerase Cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor (Harrison, 2020)
Triazavirin RNA polymerase A guanosine nucleotide analog that inhibits RNA synthesis (Loginova et al., 2011)
Favipiravir (Avigan) RNA polymerase Inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) (Wang et al., 2020)
Ribavirin RNA polymerase Inhibits viral RNA synthesis and mRNA capping (Khalili et al., 2020)
Penciclovir RNA polymerase Inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) (Wang et al., 2020)
Acyclovir fleximer analogue RNA polymerase Inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) (Li and De Clercq, 2020)
Galidesivir RNA polymerase Inhibits viral RNA polymerase function by terminating non obligate RNA chain (Li and De Clercq, 2020)
Ritonavir Protease Inhibits 3CLpro (Stower, 2020)
ASC09F Protease A combination drug containing ASC09 (HIV protease inhibitor) + ritonavir/ Oseltamivir (Li and De Clercq, 2020)
Camostat Protease Serine protease inhibitor with activity against the host TMPRSS2 protease that is exploited on 2019-nCoV (Li and De Clercq, 2020)
Danoprevir Protease A potent HCV protease (NS3/4A) inhibitor (Shah et al., 2020)
Nelfinavir Protease Inhibits chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) (Xu et al., 2020)
Colistin Protease Inhibits chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) (Liu and Wang, 2020)
Valrubicin Protease Inhibits chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) (Liu and Wang, 2020)
Icatibant Protease Inhibits chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) (Liu and Wang, 2020)
Bepotastine Protease Inhibits chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) (Liu and Wang, 2020)
Epirubicin Protease Inhibits chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) (Liu and Wang, 2020)
Epoprostenol Protease Inhibits chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) (Liu and Wang, 2020)
Vapreotide Protease Inhibits chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) (Liu and Wang, 2020)
Rupintrivir Protease Inhibits chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) (Liu and Wang, 2020)
Lopinavir Protease Inhibits chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) (Stower, 2020)
Ebselen Protease Inhibits chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) (Jin et al., 2020)
Cinanserin Protease Inhibits chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) (Zhang and Liu, 2020)
Flavonoids Protease Inhibits chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) (Zhang and Liu, 2020)
Beclabuvir Protease Inhibits chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) (Talluri, 2020)
Saquinavir Protease Inhibits chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) (Talluri, 2020)
α- ketoamide Protease Inhibits chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) (Zhang et al., 2020b)
Hesperidin Protease Inhibits chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) (Adem et al., 2020)
Angiotensin II human acetate Protease Inhibits chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) (Contini, 2020)
GHRP-2 Protease Inhibits chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) (Contini, 2020)
Indinavir Protease Inhibits chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) (Contini, 2020)
Cobicistat Protease Inhibits chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) (Contini, 2020)
Atazanavir Protease Inhibits chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) (Contini, 2020)
Mycophenolic acid Protease Inhibits papain-like protease (PLpro) (Elfiky and Ibrahim, 2020)
Grazoprevir Protease Inhibits papain-like protease (PLpro) (Elfiky and Ibrahim, 2020)
Formoterol Protease Inhibits papain-like protease (PLpro) (Arya et al., 2020)
Telaprevir Protease Inhibits papain-like protease (PLpro) (Elfiky and Ibrahim, 2020)
Diarylheptanoids Protease Inhibits papain-like protease (PLpro) (Zhang and Liu, 2020)
Darunavir/cobicistat alone or with lopinavir/ritonavir Protease An HIV-1 protease and cytochrome P450 (CYP)3A enzyme inhibitors (Zhai et al., 2020)
Ikarugamycin ACE2 ACE2 inhibitors that block the site of viral spike protein interaction (Yang et al., 2020)
Molsidomine ACE2 Effective on the genes co-expressed with ACE2 (Yang et al., 2020)
Eriodictyol ACE2 Binding potency to viral S-protein at its host receptor or to the S protein-human ACE2 interface (Smith and Smith, 2020)
Nitrofurantoin ACE2 Binding potency to viral S-protein at its host receptor or to the S protein-human ACE2 interface (Smith and Smith, 2020)
Cepharanthine ACE2 Binding potency to viral S-protein at its host receptor or to the S protein-human ACE2 interface (Smith and Smith, 2020)
Baricitinib Kinase Janus-associated kinase (JAK) inhibitor which is an important regulator of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. (Richardson et al., 2020)
Ruxolitinib Kinase Janus-associated kinase (JAK) inhibitor blocking ACE2-mediated endocytosis (Stebbing et al., 2020)
Nitazoxanide Interferon response Induces the host innate immune response to produce interferons (Wang et al., 2020)
Nafamostat Spike glycoprotein Inhibits membrane fusion (Wang et al., 2020)
Teicoplanin Cathepsin L Antibiotic inhibiting the low-pH cleavage of the viral spike protein by cathepsin L in the late endosomes (Zhang et al., 2020a)
Ciclesonide Endoribonuclease An approved corticosteroid that inhibit replication via inhibition of viral nsp15 (Matsuyama et al., 2020)
Camrelizumab Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) A humanized monoclonal antibody (mAb) targeting PD-1 (AminJafari and Ghasemi, 2020)
Emtricitabine Reverse transcriptase Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (Harrison, 2020)
Tenofovir Reverse transcriptase Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (Harrison, 2020)
Azvudine Reverse transcriptase Experimental reverse transcriptase inhibitor drug against HIV-1/AIDS (Harrison, 2020)
Methylprednisolone Nuclear receptors Synthetic corticosteroid that binds to nuclear receptors to dampen proinflammatory cytokines (Harrison, 2020)
IFN alpha-1b Immunomodulation Bind to cellular surfaces’ receptors and initiate JAK-STAT signaling cascades (Harrison, 2020)
Interferon alfa-2a Immunomodulation Interferon alfa-2b is a recombinant cytokine with antiviral properties; ribavirin is a guanine derivative (Li and De Clercq, 2020)
Tocilizumab IL-6 receptor Approved immunosuppressive anti-IL-6 receptor mAb (Harrison, 2020)
Thalidomide ND Regulating immunity, inhibiting the inflammatory cytokine surge (Dastan et al., 2020)
Umifenovir (Arbidol) ND Membrane fusion inhibitor targeting viral entry (Li and De Clercq, 2020)
Chloroquine/ hydroxychloroquine
ND
1. Elevate the pH of acidic intracellular organelles, such as endosomes/lysosomes, essential for membrane fusion 2.Inhibit the entry through changing the glycosylation of ACE2 receptor and spike protein
(Touret and de Lamballerie, 2020)
Fingolimod ND Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor regulator (Rosa and Santos, 2020)
Dipyridamole Adenosine deaminase and phosphodiesterase inhibitor (Aly, 2020)