Remdesivir |
RNA polymerase |
Prodrug of an adenine analog that
incorporates into nascent viral RNA chains and results in pre-mature
termination |
(Wang et al., 2020) |
Baloxavir marboxil |
RNA polymerase |
Cap-dependent endonuclease
inhibitor |
(Harrison, 2020) |
Triazavirin |
RNA polymerase |
A guanosine nucleotide analog that
inhibits RNA synthesis |
(Loginova et al., 2011) |
Favipiravir (Avigan) |
RNA polymerase |
Inhibits RNA-dependent RNA
polymerase (RdRp) |
(Wang et al., 2020) |
Ribavirin |
RNA polymerase |
Inhibits viral RNA synthesis and mRNA
capping |
(Khalili et al., 2020) |
Penciclovir |
RNA polymerase |
Inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
(RdRp) |
(Wang et al., 2020) |
Acyclovir fleximer analogue |
RNA polymerase |
Inhibits RNA-dependent
RNA polymerase (RdRp) |
(Li and De Clercq, 2020) |
Galidesivir |
RNA polymerase |
Inhibits viral RNA polymerase function by
terminating non obligate RNA chain |
(Li and De Clercq,
2020) |
Ritonavir |
Protease |
Inhibits 3CLpro |
(Stower, 2020) |
ASC09F |
Protease |
A combination drug containing ASC09 (HIV protease
inhibitor) + ritonavir/ Oseltamivir |
(Li and De Clercq,
2020) |
Camostat |
Protease |
Serine protease inhibitor with activity against
the host TMPRSS2 protease that is exploited on 2019-nCoV |
(Li and De
Clercq, 2020) |
Danoprevir |
Protease |
A potent HCV protease (NS3/4A) inhibitor |
(Shah
et al., 2020) |
Nelfinavir |
Protease |
Inhibits chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) |
(Xu et al., 2020) |
Colistin |
Protease |
Inhibits chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) |
(Liu and Wang, 2020) |
Valrubicin |
Protease |
Inhibits chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) |
(Liu and Wang, 2020) |
Icatibant |
Protease |
Inhibits chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) |
(Liu and Wang, 2020) |
Bepotastine |
Protease |
Inhibits chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) |
(Liu and Wang, 2020) |
Epirubicin |
Protease |
Inhibits chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) |
(Liu and Wang, 2020) |
Epoprostenol |
Protease |
Inhibits chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) |
(Liu and Wang, 2020) |
Vapreotide |
Protease |
Inhibits chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) |
(Liu and Wang, 2020) |
Rupintrivir |
Protease |
Inhibits chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) |
(Liu and Wang, 2020) |
Lopinavir |
Protease |
Inhibits chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) |
(Stower, 2020) |
Ebselen |
Protease |
Inhibits chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) |
(Jin
et al., 2020) |
Cinanserin |
Protease |
Inhibits chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) |
(Zhang and Liu, 2020) |
Flavonoids |
Protease |
Inhibits chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) |
(Zhang and Liu, 2020) |
Beclabuvir |
Protease |
Inhibits chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) |
(Talluri, 2020) |
Saquinavir |
Protease |
Inhibits chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) |
(Talluri, 2020) |
α- ketoamide |
Protease |
Inhibits chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) |
(Zhang et al., 2020b) |
Hesperidin |
Protease |
Inhibits chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) |
(Adem et al., 2020) |
Angiotensin II human acetate |
Protease |
Inhibits chymotrypsin-like
protease (3CLpro) |
(Contini, 2020) |
GHRP-2 |
Protease |
Inhibits chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) |
(Contini, 2020) |
Indinavir |
Protease |
Inhibits chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) |
(Contini, 2020) |
Cobicistat |
Protease |
Inhibits chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) |
(Contini, 2020) |
Atazanavir |
Protease |
Inhibits chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) |
(Contini, 2020) |
Mycophenolic acid |
Protease |
Inhibits papain-like protease (PLpro) |
(Elfiky and Ibrahim, 2020) |
Grazoprevir |
Protease |
Inhibits papain-like protease (PLpro) |
(Elfiky
and Ibrahim, 2020) |
Formoterol |
Protease |
Inhibits papain-like protease (PLpro) |
(Arya et
al., 2020) |
Telaprevir |
Protease |
Inhibits papain-like protease (PLpro) |
(Elfiky
and Ibrahim, 2020) |
Diarylheptanoids |
Protease |
Inhibits papain-like protease (PLpro) |
(Zhang and Liu, 2020) |
Darunavir/cobicistat alone or with lopinavir/ritonavir |
Protease |
An
HIV-1 protease and cytochrome P450 (CYP)3A enzyme inhibitors |
(Zhai et
al., 2020) |
Ikarugamycin |
ACE2 |
ACE2 inhibitors that block the site of viral spike
protein interaction |
(Yang et al., 2020) |
Molsidomine |
ACE2 |
Effective on the genes co-expressed with ACE2 |
(Yang et al., 2020) |
Eriodictyol |
ACE2 |
Binding potency to viral S-protein at its host
receptor or to the S protein-human ACE2 interface |
(Smith and Smith,
2020) |
Nitrofurantoin |
ACE2 |
Binding potency to viral S-protein at its host
receptor or to the S protein-human ACE2 interface |
(Smith and Smith,
2020) |
Cepharanthine |
ACE2 |
Binding potency to viral S-protein at its host
receptor or to the S protein-human ACE2 interface |
(Smith and Smith,
2020) |
Baricitinib |
Kinase |
Janus-associated kinase (JAK) inhibitor which is
an important regulator of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. |
(Richardson
et al., 2020) |
Ruxolitinib |
Kinase |
Janus-associated kinase (JAK) inhibitor blocking
ACE2-mediated endocytosis |
(Stebbing et al., 2020) |
Nitazoxanide |
Interferon
response
|
Induces the host innate immune response to produce interferons |
(Wang
et al., 2020) |
Nafamostat |
Spike
glycoprotein
|
Inhibits membrane fusion |
(Wang et al., 2020) |
Teicoplanin |
Cathepsin L |
Antibiotic inhibiting the low-pH cleavage of
the viral spike protein by cathepsin L in the late endosomes |
(Zhang et
al., 2020a) |
Ciclesonide |
Endoribonuclease |
An approved corticosteroid that inhibit
replication via inhibition of viral nsp15 |
(Matsuyama et al.,
2020) |
Camrelizumab |
Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) |
A humanized monoclonal
antibody (mAb) targeting PD-1 |
(AminJafari and Ghasemi,
2020) |
Emtricitabine |
Reverse transcriptase |
Non-nucleoside reverse
transcriptase inhibitor |
(Harrison, 2020) |
Tenofovir |
Reverse transcriptase |
Nucleotide reverse transcriptase
inhibitor |
(Harrison, 2020) |
Azvudine |
Reverse transcriptase |
Experimental reverse transcriptase
inhibitor drug against HIV-1/AIDS |
(Harrison, 2020) |
Methylprednisolone |
Nuclear receptors |
Synthetic corticosteroid that
binds to nuclear receptors to dampen proinflammatory cytokines |
(Harrison, 2020) |
IFN alpha-1b |
Immunomodulation |
Bind to cellular surfaces’ receptors
and initiate JAK-STAT signaling cascades |
(Harrison,
2020) |
Interferon alfa-2a |
Immunomodulation |
Interferon alfa-2b is a
recombinant cytokine with antiviral properties; ribavirin is a guanine
derivative |
(Li and De Clercq, 2020) |
Tocilizumab |
IL-6 receptor |
Approved immunosuppressive anti-IL-6
receptor mAb |
(Harrison, 2020) |
Thalidomide |
ND |
Regulating immunity, inhibiting the inflammatory
cytokine surge |
(Dastan et al., 2020) |
Umifenovir (Arbidol) |
ND |
Membrane fusion inhibitor targeting viral
entry |
(Li and De Clercq, 2020) |
Chloroquine/ hydroxychloroquine
|
ND
|
1. Elevate the pH of acidic intracellular organelles, such as
endosomes/lysosomes, essential for membrane fusion
2.Inhibit the entry through changing the glycosylation of ACE2 receptor
and spike protein
|
(Touret and de Lamballerie, 2020)
|
Fingolimod |
ND |
Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor regulator |
(Rosa and
Santos, 2020) |
Dipyridamole |
|
Adenosine deaminase and phosphodiesterase inhibitor |
(Aly, 2020) |