FIGURE LEGENDS
Figure 1. Effects of L. fermentum CECT5716 administration on a) morphological changes (body weight evolution, energy intake, energy efficiency, abdominal and epididymal fat); b) Glucose tolerance test and area under the curve (AUC) and c) Epididymal adipose tissue, analysed by hematoxylin and eosin staining (scale bar=50 μm) and on adipocyte area. Data are expressed as means ± SEM (n=10). Groups with different letter statistically differ (P< 0.05).
Figure 2. a) Basal Glucose, insulin levels and HOMA-IR index, and; b) LDL/HDL ratio and Triglycerides plasma levels in control and high fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Data are expressed as means ± SEM (n=10). Groups with different letter statistically differ (P< 0.05).
Figure 3. Effects of L. fermentum CECT5716 administration on liver and/or fat gene expression of a)Il-6 , Tnf-α , Mcp-1 and Jnk-1 , and;b) Ppar⍺ , Glut4 , AmpK and Tlr4 in high fat diet (HFD)-fed mice, analysed by real time qPCR. Data are expressed as means ± SEM (n=10). Groups with different letter statistically differ (P< 0.05).
Figure 4. Effects of L. fermentum CECT5716 administration on fat gene expression of Leptin andAdinopectin , and on fat and liver gene expression of Leptin R in high fat diet (HFD)-fed mice, analysed by real time qPCR. Data are expressed as means ± SEM (n=10). Groups with different letter statistically differ (P< 0.05).
Figure 5. Effects of L. fermentum CECT5716 administration on a) gene expression of intestinal barrier integrity markers Muc-1 , Muc-2 , Muc-3 , Zo-1 ,Occludin and Tff-3 in high fat diet (HFD)-fed mice, analysed by real time qPCR; b) plasma endotoxin concentrations (EU/mL, endotoxin units/mL). Data are expressed as means ± SEM (n=10). Groups with different letter statistically differ (P< 0.05).
Figure 6. Effects of L. fermentum CECT5716 administration on endothelial function: a)endothelium-dependent relaxation in the absence or the presence NADPH oxidase inhibitor VAS2870; b) aortic NADPH activity and gene expression of Tlr4, Tnf-α and Il-1β in control and high fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Data are expressed as means ± SEM (n=10). Groups with different letter statistically differ (P< 0.05).
Figure 7. Impact of L. fermentum CECT5716 administration on a) microbiome diversity (Chao1, PD whole tree, Observed OTUs and Shannon index); b) Beta-diversity by principal coordinate analysis score plot, and c) bacterial community (phyla, class and genus) and the F/B ratio. Data are expressed as means ± SEM. Groups with different letter statistically differ (P<0.05).
Figure S1. Heat-map of taxon that were most significantly different in abundance and main obesity-related markers. Correlation using non-parametric test of Spearman.
Figure 8. a) Metagenomic functional features predicted by PICRUSt (Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States) that were differentially abundant and drove differences in non-obese mice (control mice), HFD-group and in the treatment obese mice (L. fermentum group); b)Correlation between bacterial taxa and functional features in each group; and c) Correlation networks for control mice, HFD-group and L. fermentum treated mice.