Conclusion
This literature review compares the clinical outcome of SBC removal
between conventional surgery and endoscopic surgery or open/endoscopic
RAHI. Surgical treatment of uninfected SBCs provides a definitive
solution with no reported recurrence using either one of the techniques
during relatively short follow up (range: [3 to 24 months]).
Endoscopic or (endoscopic) RAHI surgery results in significantly higher
scar satisfaction in comparison with the conventional technique in
adults, however, causes more temporary complications (0 – 27.3%).
Since follow up was short, recurrence rates could be underreported and
scar satisfaction could be affected by not (yet) judging the final scar
result. Large prospective studies with long-term follow up
(> five years) are currently lacking and will be essential
to confirm whether newer techniques (endoscopic surgery or
open/endoscopic RAHI) indeed result in higher scar satisfaction and less
recurrence on the long-term.
REFERENCES
1. Acierno SP, Waldhausen JHT. Congenital cervical cysts, sinuses and
fistulae. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2007 Feb;40(1):161–76, vii–viii.
2. Adams A, Mankad K, Offiah C, Childs L. Branchial cleft anomalies: a
pictorial review of embryological development and spectrum of imaging
findings. Insights Imaging. 2016 Feb;7(1):69–76.
3. Piccin O, Cavicchi O, Caliceti U. Branchial cyst of the
parapharyngeal space: report of a case and surgical approach
considerations. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008 Dec;12(4):215–7.
4. Gourin CG, Johnson JT. Incidence of unsuspected metastases in lateral
cervical cysts. Laryngoscope. 2000 Oct;110(10 Pt 1):1637–41.
5. Sira J, Makura ZGG. Differential diagnosis of cystic neck lesions.
Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2011 Jun;120(6):409–13.
6. Iaremenko AI, Kolegova TE, Sharova OL. Endoscopically-Associated
Hairline Approach to Excision of Second Branchial Cleft Cysts. Indian J
Otolaryngol head neck Surg Off Publ Assoc Otolaryngol India. 2019
Oct;71(Suppl 1):618–27.
7. Mitroi M, Dumitrescu D, Simionescu C, Popescu C, Mogoantǎ C,
Cioroianu L, et al. Management of second branchial cleft anomalies. Rom
J Morphol Embryol. 2008;49(1):69–74.
8. Teng SE, Paul BC, Brumm JD, Fritz M, Fang Y, Myssiorek D.
Endoscope-assisted approach to excision of branchial cleft cysts.
Laryngoscope. 2016;126(6):1339–42.
9. Chen J, Chen W, Zhang J, He F, Zhu Z, Tang S, et al.
Endoscope-assisted second branchial cleft cyst resection via an incision
along skin line on lateral neck. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2014
Oct;271(10):2789–93.
10. Chen LS, Sun W, Wu PN, Zhang SY, Xu MM, Luo XN, et al.
Endoscope-assisted versus conventional second branchial cleft cyst
resection. Surg Endosc Other Interv Tech. 2012;26(5):1397–402.
11. Chen W-L, Fang S-L. Removal of second branchial cleft cysts using a
retroauricular approach. Head Neck. 2009 May;31(5):695–8.
12. Ahn D, Lee GJ, Sohn JH. Comparison of the Retroauricular Approach
and Transcervical Approach for Excision of a Second Brachial Cleft Cyst.
J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2017 Jun;75(6):1209–15.
13. Roh JL, Yoon YH. Removal of pediatric branchial cleft cyst using a
retroauricular hairline incision (RAHI) approach. Int J Pediatr
Otorhinolaryngol. 2008;72(10):1503–7.
14. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting
items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement.
PLoS Med. 2009 Jul;6(7):e1000097.
15. Higgins JPT, Altman DG, Gotzsche PC, Juni P, Moher D, Oxman AD, et
al. The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in
randomised trials. BMJ. 2011 Oct;343:d5928.
16. Atkins D, Best D, Briss PA, Eccles M, Falck-Ytter Y, Flottorp S, et
al. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ.
2004 Jun;328(7454):1490.
17. Higgins JPT, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring
inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ. 2003 Sep;327(7414):557–60.
18. Spinelli C, Rossi L, Strambi S, Piscioneri J, Natale G, Bertocchini
A, et al. Branchial cleft and pouch anomalies in childhood: A report of
50 surgical cases. J Endocrinol Invest. 2016;39(5):529–35.
19. Perez JA, Henning E, Valencia V, Schultz C. [Cysts of second
branchial cleft: review of 32 operated cases]. Rev Med Chil. 1994
Jul;122(7):782–7.
20. Choi SS, Zalzal GH. Branchial anomalies: a review of 52 cases.
Laryngoscope. 1995 Sep;105(9 Pt 1):909–13.
21. Li W, Xu H, Zhao L, Li X. Branchial anomalies in children: A report
of 105 surgical cases. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2018
Jan;104:14–8.
22. Kajosaari L, Mäkitie A, Salminen P, Klockars T. Second branchial
cleft fistulae: Patient characteristics and surgical outcome. Int J
Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2014;78(9):1503–7.
23. Deane SA, Telander RL. Surgery for thyroglossal duct and branchial
cleft anomalies. Am J Surg. 1978 Sep;136(3):348–53.
Appendix 1: Search syntax:
Pubmed:
1. (((second[Title/Abstract]) OR 2nd[Title/Abstract])
2.(((pharyng*[Title/Abstract]) OR branch*[Title/Abstract]) OR
viscer*[Title/Abstract]) OR branchial region[MeSH Major Topic]
3.((((cleft*[Title/Abstract]) OR groov*[Title/Abstract]) OR
pouch*[Title/Abstract]) OR regio*[Title/Abstract]) OR
arch*[Title/Abstract]
4.(((((((((((((anomal*[Title/Abstract]) OR
malform*[Title/Abstract]) OR defec*[Title/Abstract]) OR
deform*[Title/Abstract]) OR cyst*[Title/Abstract]) OR
tract*[Title/Abstract]) OR fistu*[Title/Abstract]) OR
pit*[Title/Abstract]) OR pouch*[Title/Abstract]) OR
leas*[Title/Abstract]) OR lesi*[Title/Abstract]) OR
mass*[Title/Abstract]) OR sinus*[Title/Abstract]) OR congenital
abnormalities[MeSH Major Topic]
5.((((((((treat*[Title/Abstract]) OR procedur*[Title/Abstract])
OR oper*[Title/Abstract]) OR surg*[Title/Abstract]) OR
therap*[Title/Abstract]) OR excis*[Title/Abstract]) OR
manag*[Title/Abstract]) OR surgical procedures, Operative[MeSH
Major Topic]) OR Surgery[MeSH Subheading]
1 AND 2 AND 3 AND 4 AND 5
Embase:
1.second*:ab,ti OR 2nd:ab,ti
2. pharyng*:ab,ti OR branch*:ab,ti OR viscer*:ab,ti OR ’branchial
arch’/exp
3. cleft*:ab,ti OR groov*:ab,ti OR pouch*:ab,ti OR regio*:ab,ti OR
arch*:ab,ti
4. anomal*:ab,ti OR malform*:ab,ti OR defec*:ab,ti OR deform*:ab,ti OR
cyst*:ab,ti OR tract*:ab,ti OR fistu*:ab,ti OR pit*:ab,ti OR leas*:ab,ti
OR lesi*:ab,ti OR mass*:ab,ti OR sinus*:ab,ti OR ’congenital
disorder’/exp
5. treat*:ab,ti OR procedur*:ab,ti OR oper*:ab,ti OR surg*:ab,ti OR
therap*:ab,ti OR excis*:ab,ti OR manag*:ab,ti OR ’surgery’/exp
1 AND 2 AND 3 AND 4 AND 5
Cochrane:
- Second or 2nd:ti,ab,kw
- Pharyng* or branch* or viscer*:ti,ab,kw (Word variations have been
searched)
- Cleft* or groov* or pouch* or Regio* or arch*:ti,ab,kw (word
variations have been searched)
- Anomal* or malform* or defec* or deform* or cyst* or tract* or fistu*
or pit* or pouch* or leas* or lesi* or mass* or sinus*: ti,ab,kw (word
variations have been searched)
- Treat* or procedur* or oper* or surg* or therap* or excis* or
manag*:ti,ab,kw (Word variations have been searched)
1 AND 2 AND 3 AND 4 AND 5
Table 1: Critical Appraisal of Topic