Adney,
D. R., Brown, V. R., Porter, S. M., Bielefeldt-Ohmann, H., Hartwig, A.
E., & Bowen, R. A. (2016). Inoculation of goats, sheep, and horses with
MERS-CoV does not result in productive viral shedding. Viruses ,8 (8). https://doi.org/10.3390/v8080230
Adney,
D. R., Letko, M., Ragan, I. K., Scott, D., van Doremalen, N., Bowen, R.
A., & Munster, V. J. (2019). Bactrian camels shed large quantities of
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) after
experimental infection. Emerging Microbes & Infections ,8 (1), 717–723. https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2019.1618687
Adney,
D. R., van Doremalen, N., Brown, V. R., Bushmaker, T., Scott, D., Wit,
E. de, . . . Munster, V. J. (2014). Replication and shedding of MERS-CoV
in upper respiratory tract of inoculated dromedary camels.Emerging Infectious Diseases , 20 (12), 1999–2005.
https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2012.141280
Azhar,
E. I., El-Kafrawy, S. A., Farraj, S. A., Hassan, A. M., Al-Saeed, M. S.,
Hashem, A. M., & Madani, T. A. (2014). Evidence for camel-to-human
transmission of MERS coronavirus. The New England Journal of
Medicine , 370 (26), 2499–2505.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1401505
Corman,
V. M., Müller, M. A., Costabel, U., Timm, J., Binger, T., Meyer,
B., . . . Drosten, C. (2012). Assays for laboratory confirmation of
novel human coronavirus (hCoV-EMC) infections. Eurosurveillance ,17 (49), 20334. https://doi.org/10.2807/ese.17.49.20334-en
Corman,
V. M., Eckerle, I., Bleicker, T., Zaki, A., Landt, O., Eschbach-Bludau,
M., . . . Drosten, C. (2012). Detection of a novel human coronavirus by
real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Euro
Surveillance : Bulletin Europeen Sur Les Maladies Transmissibles =
European Communicable Disease Bulletin , 17 (39).
https://doi.org/10.2807/ese.17.39.20285-en
Corman,
V. M., Ithete, N. L., Richards, L. R., Schoeman, M. C., Preiser, W.,
Drosten, C., & Drexler, J. F. (2014). Rooting the phylogenetic tree of
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus by characterization of a
conspecific virus from an African bat. Journal of Virology ,88 (19), 11297–11303. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01498-14
Drosten,
C., Günther, S., Preiser, W., van der Werf, S., Brodt, H.-R., Becker,
S., . . . Doerr, H. W. (2003). Identification of a novel coronavirus in
patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. The New England
Journal of Medicine , 348 (20), 1967–1976.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa030747
Eckerle,
I., Corman, V. M., Müller, M. A., Lenk, M., Ulrich, R. G., & Drosten,
C. (2014). Replicative capacity of MERS coronavirus in livestock cell
lines. Emerging Infectious Diseases , 20 (2), 276–279.
https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2002.131182
Farag,
E. A. B. A., Reusken, C. B. E. M., Haagmans, B. L., Mohran, K. A., Raj,
V. S., Pas, S. D., . . . Koopmans, M. P. G. (2015). High proportion of
MERS-CoV shedding dromedaries at slaughterhouse with a potential
epidemiological link to human cases, Qatar 2014. Infection Ecology
& Epidemiology , 5 (1), 28305.
https://doi.org/10.3402/iee.v5.28305
Hemida,
M. G., Perera, R. A., Wang, P., Alhammadi, M. A., Siu, L. Y., Li,
M., . . . Peiris, M. (2013). Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)
coronavirus seroprevalence in domestic livestock in Saudi Arabia, 2010
to 2013. Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Europeen Sur Les Maladies
Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin , 18 (50),
20659. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.es2013.18.50.20659
Hemida,
M. G., Chu, D. K. W., Poon, L. L. M., Perera, R. A. P. M., Alhammadi, M.
A., Ng, H.-Y., . . . Peiris, M. (2014). Mers coronavirus in dromedary
camel herd, Saudi Arabia. Emerging Infectious Diseases ,20 (7), 1231–1234. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2007.140571
Hemida,
M. G., Chu, D. K. W., Chor, Y. Y., Cheng, S. M. S., Poon, L. L. M.,
Alnaeem, A., & Peiris, M. (2020). Phylogenetic analysis of MERS-CoV in
a camel abattoir, Saudi Arabia, 2016-2018. Emerging Infectious
Diseases , 26 (12), 3089–3091.
https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2612.191094
Kandeil,
A., Gomaa, M., Shehata, M., El-Taweel, A., Kayed, A. E., Abiadh,
A., . . . Kayali, G. (2019). Middle East respiratory syndrome
coronavirus infection in non-camelid domestic mammals. Emerging
Microbes & Infections , 8 (1), 103–108.
https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2018.1560235
Lado,
S., Elbers, J. P., Plasil, M., Loney, T., Weidinger, P., Camp, J.
V., . . . Burger, P. A. (2021). Innate and adaptive immune genes
associated with MERS-CoV infection in dromedaries. Cells , 2021,10 (6), 1291. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10061291
Lai,
M. M.C., & Cavanagh, D. (1997). The molecular biology of coronaviruses.
In K. Maramorosch, F. A. Murphy, & A. J. Shatkin (Eds.), Advances
in virus research (Vol. 48, pp. 1–100). Academic Press.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-3527(08)60286-9
Lau,
S. K. P., Li, K. S. M., Luk, H. K. H., He, Z., Teng, J. L. L., Yuen,
K.-Y., . . . Woo, P. C. Y. (2020). Middle East respiratory syndrome
coronavirus antibodies in Bactrian and hybrid camels from Dubai.MSphere , 5 (1). https://doi.org/10.1128/mSphere.00898-19
Meyer,
B., García-Bocanegra, I., Wernery, U., Wernery, R., Sieberg, A., Müller,
M. A., . . . Eckerle, I. (2015). Serologic assessment of possibility for
MERS-CoV infection in equids. Emerging Infectious Diseases ,21 (1), 181–182. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2101.141342
Muhairi,
S. A., Hosani, F. A., Eltahir, Y. M., Mulla, M. A., Yusof, M. F.,
Serhan, W. S., . . . Abdelazim, A. S. (2016). Epidemiological
investigation of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in
dromedary camel farms linked with human infection in Abu Dhabi Emirate,
United Arab Emirates. Virus Genes , 52 (6), 848–854.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11262-016-1367-1
Nowotny,
N., & Kolodziejek, J. (2014). Middle East respiratory syndrome
coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in dromedary camels, Oman, 2013. Euro
Surveillance : Bulletin Europeen Sur Les Maladies Transmissibles =
European Communicable Disease Bulletin , 19 (16), 20781.
https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.es2014.19.16.20781
Reusken,
C. B., Ababneh, M., Raj, V. S., Meyer, B., Eljarah, A., Abutarbush,
S., . . . Koopmans, M. P. (2013). Middle East respiratory syndrome
coronavirus (MERS-CoV) serology in major livestock species in an
affected region in Jordan, June to September 2013. Advance online
publication. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.es2013.18.50.20662
Reusken,
C. B., Schilp, C., Raj, V. S., Bruin, E. de, Kohl, R. H., Farag, E.
A., . . . Koopmans, M. P. (2016). MERS-CoV infection of alpaca in a
region where MERS-CoV is endemic. Emerg Infect Dis , 22 (6),
1129–1131. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2206.152113
Reusken,
C. B., Haagmans, B. L., Müller, M. A., Gutierrez, C., Godeke, G.-J.,
Meyer, B., . . . Koopmans, M. P. G. (2013). Middle East respiratory
syndrome coronavirus neutralising serum antibodies in dromedary camels:
a comparative serological study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases ,13 (10), 859–866. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70164-6
Su,
S., Wong, G., Shi, W., Liu, J., Lai, A. C.K., Zhou, J., . . . Gao, G. F.
(2016). Epidemiology, genetic recombination, and pathogenesis of
coronaviruses. Trends in Microbiology , 24 (6).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2016.03.003
Van
Doremalen, N., Miazgowicz, K. L., Milne-Price, S., Bushmaker, T.,
Robertson, S., Scott, D., . . . Munster, V. J. (2014). Host species
restriction of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus through its
receptor, dipeptidyl peptidase 4. Journal of Virology ,88 (16), 9220–9232. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00676-14
Vergara-Alert,
J., van den Brand, J. M. A., Widagdo, W., Muñoz, M., Raj, S., Schipper,
D., . . . Segalés, J. (2017). Livestock susceptibility to infection with
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Emerging Infectious
Diseases , 23 (2), 232–240.
https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2302.161239
WHO
(2019). MERS global summary and assessment of risk . Retrieved
from World Health Organization website:
https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/326126/WHO-MERS-RA-19.1-eng.pdf
Wölfel,
R., Corman, V. M., Guggemos, W., Seilmaier, M., Zange, S., Müller, M.
A., . . . Wendtner, C. (2020). Virological assessment of hospitalized
patients with COVID-2019. Nature , 581 (7809), 465–469.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2196-x
Wu,
A., Peng, Y., Huang, B., Ding, X., Wang, X., Niu, P., . . . Jiang, T.
(2020). Genome composition and divergence of the novel coronavirus
(2019-nCoV) originating in China. Cell Host & Microbe ,27 (3), 325–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2020.02.001
Zaki,
A. M., van Boheemen, S., Bestebroer, T. M., Osterhaus, A. D. M. E., &
Fouchier, R. A. M. (2012). Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man
with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. The New England Journal of
Medicine , 367 (19), 1814–1820.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1211721
Table 1. Results of the MERS-CoV screening in sheep, goats, and
cattle. Nasal swabs from sheep and goats, and sera from all animals
were tested for MERS-CoV nucleic acid by ORF1a RT-qPCR. Serum
samples from all but four animals (i.e. cattle sera with
insufficient volumes) were investigated for MERS-CoV-specific antibodies
by IFA.