Axis Chemicals, Gene, or Molecule Targets CVD
Autophagy-apoptosis axis (25) Melatonin Vascular endothelial cell damage and apoptosis mediated by macrophages Kawasaki disease (KD)-associated vasculitis
BCAA-BCKA axis Branched-chain amino acid (BCAA)-Branched-chain keto acid (BCKA) axis (26)
Telmisartan (anti-hypertension drug)
Significantly represses Bcat2 activity via direct binding & enhanced white adipose tissue (WAT) browning and reduced adiposity
Obesity & metabolic syndrome
Circ_ROBO2/miR-149 axis (27) CircRNAs (circ_ROBO2 & miR-149) Activating NF-κB Signaling, aortic smooth muscle cells Atherosclerosis & coronary artery disease (CAD)
Microbiome-brain-β-cell axis (28) Acetate A nutrient-gut microbiota interaction & activation of the parasympathetic nervous system Obesity, insulin resistance & metabolic syndrome
miR-1277-5p/KLF5 axis (29) LINC01123 Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) Carotid atherosclerosis (CAS)
miR-149-5p/MMP9 axis (30) Circular RNAs (circRNAs): circDHCR24 & miR-149-5p & MMP9 Human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (HA-VSMCs) proliferation, migration and phenotypic switching Atherosclerosis and CAD
miR-185-5p/PAK2 axis (31) Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) FGF9-associated factor (FAF) Hypoxia/ischaemia-induced pyroptosis in cardiomyocytes, a potential therapeutic target of AMI Various CVDs & acute myocardial infarction (AMI)
miR-206/216b-Atg13 axis (32) Serum histamine, Histidine decarboxylase (HDC) Histamine regulating myocardial autophagy and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes Hypoxia and AMI
miR-344b-5p/FAIM3 axis (33) Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) XR_596701 Proliferation and apoptosis of intermittent hypoxia (IH)-induced H9c2 cells Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), IH -induced myocardial injury
miR-577/COBLL1 axis (34) Fibrosis and apoptosis Long non-coding RNA (lncRNAs) NORAD AMI
miR-6873-3p/MyD88/NF-κB axis (35) Circular RNAs (circRNAs) & circ-RELL1 Endothelial cells, the expression of ICAM1 and VCAM1 in ox-LDL induced endothelium inflammation Atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD)
OTUD7B/KLF4/NMHC IIA axis (36) Bioactive components of Salvia miltiorrhiza Sal-miR-1 and 3 inhibition of VSMC migration and monocyte adhesion to VSMCs Vascular remodeling
p62/Nrf2/ARE axis (37) Autophagy The pyroptosis of macrophages Atherosclerosis
PTEN/AKT/mTOR axis (38) A plant-derived flavone tangeretin Myocardial autophagy, a novel cardioprotective therapeutic target Sepsis-Induced Myocardial Dysfunction
RAC1-MEK-ERK-CHD4 axis (39)
Harmine (a natural compound)
Chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 4 (CHD4), a negative modulator of Ucp1 & harmine-mediated ERK activation in adipocytes
Obesity
RORα-erythropoietin-AMPK axis (40) Bavachalcone, a natural bioactive compound or a promising angiogenesis agent Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) differentiation & neovascularization Angiogenesis and tissue repair in CVD
T helper 17 (TH17) axis (41) High salt intake The effects of salt on the gut microbiome (a potential therapeutic target) & autoimmunity related to TH17 cells Salt-sensitive hypertension & CVD
TNFα-NLRP3 signalling axis (42) Aconitine, the natural product extracted from Aconitum species A TNFα inhibitor and BNIP3-mediated mitophagy. Aconitine-induced cardiotoxicity and neurotoxicity