Mechanisms mediated by sleep and microbiome
A clinical study found that night shift exposure may increase incident atrial fibrillation and the risk of CAD (71). Self-reported sleep quality (insufficient sleep or loss of sleep) is associated with cardiometabolic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes, CVD, and neurological and cognitive impairments, due to shifts in gut microbiome composition (72, 73). Disrupted sleep may lead to cardiovascular pathology since there are associations between sleep fragmentation, mean arterial pressure, and the gut/fecal metabolome (74). And the acute circadian rhythm disturbance caused by sleep-wake shifts affect the human gut microbiota (75), especially the functional profiles of gut microbes and interactions among them. Thus, the gut microbiome is a potential target for reducing the impact of chronic insomnia on cardiometabolic health (76). Due to a causal relationship between the gut microbiome and hypertension (77), the former may be a target for treatment of OSA-related and other typical hypertension.