2.1 Anti-inflammatory effects
It is well known that inflammation is the most important risk factor for bronchopulmonary dysplasia and that inflammation leads to the increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Over recent years, it has been found that caffeine can inhibit the inflammatory response by reducing the release of inflammatory factors and by regulating the expression of inflammatory pathway proteins and inflammatory receptors. Next, we describe how caffeine exerts its inhibitory effects on inflammation.