Footnotes
[1] The term “Indian hemp” is used throughout the text in reference to Cannabis sativa L.. It should not be mistaken with Apocynum cannabinum L., an unrelated plant native to North America and also sometimes called “Indian hemp” or “black Indian hemp.” The word “hashish” is used indistinctively to refer to the Cannabis plant, its tops, or its resin. Generally, the terminology related to plants “is somewhat awkward” in these old treaties (Unification of Conventions…, 1950; see also LoN, 1935a, p. 33).
[2] Communications with INCB, UN libraries in Geneva and Vienna, and Dag Hammarskjöld library. This is not particularly surprising, given INCB’s track-record of great secrecy (Csete, 2012; Fields of Green for All NPC, 2021) in a context where access to the documentation of intergovernmental organisations is often a complicated endeavour (Church and McCaffrey, 2013).
[3] This is sometimes translated as “International Office of Public Hygiene” or “International Public Health Bureau.” However, French was the only official language for all names and documents of the OIHP, since that language was at the times the hegemonic diplomatic language. The fact that only French-language versions of the work of OIHP are available may have contributed to their scare presence in the literature. In addition, the archives of the OIHP have had a convoluted history: evacuated from Paris and disseminated during WWI, partially lost, partly transferred at the WHO library in 1950 by decision of the third World Health Assembly (Resolution WHA3.98; WHO, 1950b, p. 59), subsequently de-catalogued by parts, split between various collections of archives, parts of which have been decatalogued: the few archives that survived is nowadays kept at the WHO library and LoN Archives, in Geneva.
[4] Until the mid-20th Century, most popular practices of day-to-day healthcare maintenance and treatment of minor ailments fundamentally relied on self-medication, eventually under the advice of pharmacists or other traditional healers –and not necessarily on consultations of a clinical practitioner, better documented in the medical literature.
[5] This claim reflects the Eurocentric views of the OIHP, and could be disputed: indeed, the International Sanitary Bureau (nowadays the Pan-American Health Organisation, regional office of WHO for the American continent) was established in 1902 under the International Bureau of the American Republics (nowadays Organisation of American States) –that is five years prior to the OIHP (Pan-American Health Organisation, s.d.)
[6] Renzi (1971, pp. 193-194) even presents evidence that Barrère provided personal financial support to Benito Mussolini.
[7] At the time, the Commission de l’Opium was chaired by Swiss representative Henri Carrière and integrated by the ambassadors of Egypt (Dr. Shahin Pacha), British India, and United States.
[8] Strychnine (also known as “rat poison”), arsenous acid (closely-related to arsenic), and products like sodium arsenate, potassium bromide, chloral hydrate, or zinc phosphide, are highly toxic substances, today only used as insecticides, pesticides, or products such as semiconductors.
[9] Parke-Davis had three well-established manufacturing laboratories in the USA, Canada, and the UK. This could suggest that the five preparations found in Egypt were marketed from (or via; and possibly also manufactured at) the facilities and laboratory of the company in Hounslow, UK (Hoefle, 2000 p. 31; Parke, Davis & Co., 1908, 4th cover page; Wellcome Collection, 1927). That all correspondence between the OIHP and Parke-Davis in preparation of the CEP meeting of March 1935 was undertaken either by Pr. James Gunn from London (“Obituary,” 1958) or by the representative of the UK at the OIHP (1934b; 1935, p. 162) seem to support that suggestion.
[10] Belgium, Bolivia, British India, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Czechoslovakia, Egypt, Ecuador, Greece, Haiti, Hungary, Irish Free State, Italy, Japan, Lettonia, Monaco, Peru, Poland, Rumania, Siam, Sudan, Turkey, Union of South Africa, Venezuela (LoN, 1937, p. 1)
[11] These cigarettes contained Belladonna leaves (0.962 g), nitrate of potash (0.033 g) and very small amounts of Cannabis extract (0.0005 g); they were produced in Paris, France (Fig. 4.D; Agence Bibliographique de l’Enseignement Supérieur, 2021; Preparations exempted…, 1951) and commercialised not only in Europe (France, Germany, Italy, Spain, UK) but as far as Siam (Preparations exempted…, 1951), New Zealand (Phillips, 2013), India (Franco-Indian Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd., 2017), and the United States (Davenport, 1880); they were reportedly marketed from the 1860s (shortly after the landmark publications of O’Shaughnessy and Moreau de Tours, see Frankhauser, 2002) until the mid-20th Century.
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