Scanning electron microscopy
Images from the negative control and the protamine treated inserts are
quite similar (figure 2m-n). The protamine treated samples showed more
cracks in the urothelial cell surfaces. The samples that received
protamine and CS treatments showed a distinct layer covering the
urothelial cell membranes and cell borders, implying the luminal cells
were coated with a mucous-like structure (figure 2o).