References
1. Gilstrap L. Effect of corticosteroids for fetal maturation on
perinatal outcomes. JAMA . 1995;273(5):413.
doi:10.1016/0002-9378(95)90209-0
2. Liggins GC, Howie RN. A controlled trial of antepartum glucocorticoid
treatment for prevention of the respiratory distress syndrome in
premature infants. Pediatrics . 1972;50(4):515-525.
3. Roberts D, Brown J, Medley N, Dalziel SR. Antenatal corticosteroids
for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm
birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2017;3:CD004454.
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004454.pub3
4. Fowden AL, Li J, Forhead AJ. Glucocorticoids and the preparation for
life after birth: are there long-term consequences of the life
insurance? Proc Nutr Soc . 1998;57(1):113-122.
doi:10.1079/PNS19980017
5. Jellyman JK, Fletcher AJW, Fowden AL, Giussani DA. Glucocorticoid
Maturation of Fetal Cardiovascular Function. Trends Mol Med .
2020;26(2):170-184.
6. Teulings NEWD, Garrud TAC, Niu Y, et al. Isolating adverse effects of
glucocorticoids on the embryonic cardiovascular system. FASEB J .
2020;34(7):9664-9677. doi:10.1096/fj.202000697R
7. Garrud TAC, Giussani DA. Combined Antioxidant and Glucocorticoid
Therapy for Safer Treatment of Preterm Birth. Trends Endocrinol
Metab . 2019;30(4):258-269.
8. Sotiriadis A, Tsiami A, Papatheodorou S, Baschat AA, Sarafidis K,
Makrydimas G. Neurodevelopmental Outcome After a Single Course of
Antenatal Steroids in Children Born Preterm: A Systematic Review and
Meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol . 2015;125(6):1385.
doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000000748
9. van der Merwe JL, Sacco A, Toelen J, Deprest J. Long-term
neuropathological and/or neurobehavioral effects of antenatal
corticosteroid therapy in animal models: a systematic review.Pediatr Res . 2019;(November 2019):1-14.
doi:10.1038/s41390-019-0712-1
10. Aghajafari F, Murphy K, Matthews S, Ohlsson A, Amankwah K, Hannah M.
Repeated doses of antenatal corticosteroids in animals: A systematic
review. Am J Obstet Gynecol . 2002;186(4):843-849.
doi:10.1067/mob.2002.121624
11. De Vries A, Holmes MC, Heijnis A, et al. Prenatal dexamethasone
exposure induces changes in nonhuman primate offspring cardiometabolic
and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function. J Clin Invest .
2007;117(4):1058-1067. doi:10.1172/JCI30982
12. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting
items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement.Int J Surg . 2010;8(5):336-341. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2010.02.007
13. Carey TS, Boden SD. A critical guide to case series reports.Spine (Phila Pa 1976) . 2003;28(15):1631-1634.
doi:10.1097/01.BRS.0000083174.84050.E5
14. Higgins J, Green S. Assessing risk of bias in included studies.Cochrane Handb Syst Rev Interv . 2008:187-241.
15. Wells G, Shea B, O’Connell D, Peterson J, Welcho V, Losos M. The
Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomized
studies in meta-analyses. Ottawa Heal Res Inst . 2011.
16. Murad MH, Sultan S, Haffar S, Bazerbachi F. Methodological quality
and synthesis of case series and case reports. BMJ Evidence-Based
Med . 2018;23:60-63.
17. Batton B, Zhu X, Fanaroff J, et al. Blood Pressure, Anti-Hypotensive
Therapy, and Neurodevelopment in Extremely Preterm Infants. J
Pediatr . 2009;154(3):351-358. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.09.017
18. Chen XK, Lougheed J, Lawson ML, et al. Effects of repeated courses
of antenatal corticosteroids on somatic development in children 6 to 10
years of age. Am J Perinatol . 2008;25(1):21-28.
doi:10.1055/s-2007-995222
19. Cinar Yakar Y, Duran R, Acunas B, Aladag Ciftdemir N, Vatansever U,
Sut N. The effect of antenatal steroid administration time on postnatal
blood pressure in very low birth weight infants. Intensive Care
Med . 2013;39(S1):S39. doi:10.1007/s00134-013-2950-8
20. Dalziel SR, Liang A, Parag V, Rodgers A, Harding JE. Blood pressure
at 6 years of age after prenatal exposure to betamethasone: Follow-up
results of a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics .
2004;114(3). doi:10.1542/peds.2004-0196
21. Dalziel SR, Walker NK, Parag V, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors
after antenatal exposure to betamethasone: 30-Year follow-up of a
randomised controlled trial. Lancet . 2005;365(9474):1856-1862.
doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66617-2
22. Demarini S, Dollberg S, Hoath SB, Ho M, Donovan EF. Effects of
antenatal corticosteroids on blood pressure in very low birth weight
infants during the first 24 hours of life. J Perinatol . 1999;19(6
PART. 1):419-425. doi:10.1038/sj.jp.7200245
23. Dessens AB, Haas HS, Koppe JG. Twenty-year follow-up of antenatal
corticosteroid treatment. Pediatrics . 2000;105(6).
doi:10.1542/peds.105.6.e77
24. De Vries WB, Karemaker R, Mooy NF, et al. Cardiovascular follow-up
at school age after perinatal glucocorticoid exposure in prematurely
born children: Perinatal glucocorticoid therapy and cardiovascular
follow-up. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med . 2008;162(8):738-744.
doi:10.1001/archpedi.162.8.738
25. Doyle LW, Ford GW, Davis NM, Callanan C. Antenatal corticosteroid
therapy and blood pressure at 14 years of age in preterm children.Clin Sci . 2000;98(2):137-142. doi:10.1042/cs0980137
26. Finken MJJ, Keijzer-Veen MG, Dekker FW, et al. Antenatal
glucocorticoid treatment is not associated with long-term metabolic
risks in individuals born before 32 weeks of gestation. Arch Dis
Child Fetal Neonatal Ed . 2008;93(6). doi:10.1136/adc.2007.128470
27. Gwathmey TYM, Zerihun L, Simington SW, Chappell MC, Washburn LK.
Antenatal Betamethasone Exposure Increases Oxidative Stress in
African-American Adolescents Born Prematurely. Circulation .
2018;127:AP241.
28. Kari MA, Hallman M, Eronen M, et al. Prenatal dexamethasone
treatment in conjunction with rescue therapy of human surfactant: A
randomized placebo-controlled multicenter study. Pediatrics .
1994;93(5):730-736.
29. Kelly BA, Lewandowski AJ, Worton SA, et al. Antenatal glucocorticoid
exposure and long-term alterations in aortic function and glucose
metabolism. Pediatrics . 2012;129(5). doi:10.1542/peds.2011-3175
30. Moise AA, Wearden ME, Kozinetz CA, Gest AL, Welty SE, Hansen TN.
Antenatal steroids are associated with less need for blood pressure
support in extremely premature infants. Pediatrics .
1995;95(6):845-850.
31. Nair G V., Omar SA. Blood pressure support in extremely premature
infants is affected by different courses of antenatal steroids.Acta Paediatr Int J Paediatr . 2009;98(9):1437-1443.
doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01367.x
32. Norberg H, Stålnacke J, Nordenström A, Norman M. Repeat antenatal
steroid exposure and later blood pressure, arterial stiffness, and
metabolic profile. J Pediatr . 2013;163(3):711-716.
doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.03.074
33. South AM, Nixon PA, Chappell MC, et al. Antenatal corticosteroids
and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in adolescents born
preterm. Pediatr Res . 2017;81(1):88-93. doi:10.1038/pr.2016.179
34. Washburn L, Chappell M, Beavers D, et al. Adult Males of Very Low
Birth Weight with Antenatal Corticosteroid Exposure Exhibit an Enhanced
Blood Pressure Response to Acute Stress. J Fed Am Soc Exp Biol .
2017;31(S1):852.8.
35. Dimitriou G, Kavvadia V, Marcou M, Greenough A. Antenatal steroids
and fluid balance in very low birthweight infants. Arch Dis Child
Fetal Neonatal Ed . 2005;90(6):509-513. doi:10.1136/adc.2005.071688
36. Costa S, Zecca E, De Luca D, De Carolis MP, Romagnoli C. Efficacy of
a single dose of antenatal corticosteroids on morbidity and mortality of
preterm infants. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol .
2007;131(2):154-157. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2006.05.006
37. Eronen M, Kari A, Pesonen E, Hallman M. The Effect of Antenatal
Dexamethasone Administration on the Fetal and Neonatal Ductus
Arteriosus: A Randomized Double-blind Study. Am J Dis Child .
1993;147(2):187-192. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1993.02160260077026
38. Yunis KA, Bitar FF, Hayek P, Mroueh SM, Mikati M. Transient
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the newborn following multiple doses of
antenatal corticosteroids. Am J Perinatol . 1999;16(1):0017-0021.
doi:10.1055/s-2007-993830
39. Schäffer L, Burkhardt T, Tomaske M, et al. Effect of antenatal
betamethasone administration on neonatal cardiac autonomic balance.Pediatr Res . 2010;68(4):286-291. doi:10.1203/PDR.0b013e3181ed0cf2
40. Davis EP, Townsend EL, Gunnar MR, et al. Antenatal betamethasone
treatment has a persisting influence on infant HPA axis regulation.J Perinatol . 2006;26(3):147-153. doi:10.1038/sj.jp.7211447
41. Savoy C, Mathewson KJ, Schmidt LA, et al. Exposure to antenatal
corticosteroids and reduced respiratory sinus arrhythmia in adult
survivors of extremely low birth weight. Int J Neurosci .
2019;129(8):776-783. doi:10.1080/00207454.2019.1567511
42. Nixon PA, Washburn LK, O’Shea TM, et al. Antenatal steroid exposure
and heart rate variability in adolescents born with very low birth
weight. Pediatr Res . 2017;81(1):57-62. doi:10.1038/pr.2016.173
43. McGoldrick E, Stewart F, Parker R, Dalziel SR. Antenatal
corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk
of preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2020;2021(2).
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004454.pub4
44. Mahony R, McKeating A, Murphy T, McAuliffe F, O’Herlihy C, Foley M.
Appropriate antenatal corticosteroid use in women at risk for preterm
birth before 34 weeks of gestation. BJOG An Int J Obstet
Gynaecol . 2010;117(8):963-967. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2010.02590.x
45. Ivy JR, Carter RN, Zhao JF, et al. Glucocorticoids regulate
mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation in fetal cardiomyocytes. J
Physiol . 2021;599(21):4901-4924. doi:10.1113/JP281860
46. Agnew EJ, Ivy JR, Stock SJ, Chapman KE. Glucocorticoids, antenatal
corticosteroid therapy and fetal heart maturation. J Mol
Endocrinol . 2018;61(1):R61-R73. doi:10.1530/JME-18-0077
47. Wyrwoll CS, Noble J, Thomson A, et al. Pravastatin ameliorates
placental vascular defects, fetal growth, and cardiac function in a
model of glucocorticoid excess. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A .
2016;113(22):6265-6270. doi:10.1073/pnas.1520356113
48. Rog-Zielinska EA, Richardson R V., Denvir MA, Chapman KE.
Glucocorticoids and foetal heart maturation; implications for
prematurity and foetal programming. J Mol Endocrinol . 2013;52(2).
doi:10.1530/JME-13-0204
49. Niu Y, Herrera EA, Evans RD, Giussani DA. Antioxidant treatment
improves neonatal survival and prevents impaired cardiac function at
adulthood following neonatal glucocorticoid therapy. J Physiol .
2013;591(20):5083-5093. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2013.258210
50. Gay MS, Li Y, Xiong F, Lin T, Zhang L. Dexamethasone treatment of
newborn rats decreases cardiomyocyte endowment in the developing heart
through epigenetic modifications. PLoS One . 2015;10(4):1-20.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125033
51. Bal MP, De Vries WB, Van Oosterhout MFM, et al. Long-term
cardiovascular effects of neonatal dexamethasone treatment: Hemodynamic
follow-up by left ventricular pressure-volume loops in rats. J
Appl Physiol . 2008;104(2):446-450. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00951.2007
52. Bal MP, De Vries WB, Van Der Leij FR, et al. Neonatal
glucocorticosteroid treatment causes systolic dysfunction and
compensatory dilatation in early life: Studies in 4-week-old prepubertal
rats. Pediatr Res . 2005;58(1):46-52.
doi:10.1203/01.PDR.0000163617.01673.9A
53. Dodic M, Samuel C, Moritz K, et al. Impaired cardiac functional
reserve and left ventricular hypertrophy in adult sheep after prenatal
dexamethasone exposure. Circ Res . 2001;89(7):623-629.
doi:10.1161/hh1901.097086
54. Dodic M, Peers A, Coghlan J, et al. Altered cardiovascular
haemodynamics and baroreceptor-heart rate reflex in adult sheep after
prenatal exposure to dexamethasone. Clin Sci (Lond) .
1999;97(1):103-109.
55. Dodic M, Peers A, Coghlan J, Wintour M. Can Excess Glucocorticoid,
Predispose to Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease in Middle Age?Trends Endocrinol Metab . 1999;10(3):86-91.