Evolution of soil erosion based on LULCC (2010–2020)

Figure 5 shows the average soil erosion modulus for land use types in 2010, 2015, and 2020: cropland (55.1 t ha–1 yr–1) > grassland (8.93 t ha–1 yr–1) > building (1.6 t ha–1yr–1)>forest land (1.65 t ha–1 yr–1). The average soil erosion modulus of cropland is 4.5–7.4 times that of the grassland. Cropland experienced the most soil loss, ranging from 49.05 t ha–1 yr–1 in 2010 to 38.57 t ha–1 yr–1 in 2015, but increasing to 77.97 t ha–1 yr–1 in 2020. Grassland soil losses ranged from 10.87 t ha–1yr–1 in 2010 to 5.72 t ha–1yr–1 in 2015, but increased to10.36 t ha–1 yr–1 in 2020. Building and forest land followed a similar trend change to cropland from 2010 to 2020. Forest land had the lowest soil losses, decreasing from 1.07 t ha–1 yr–1 in 2010 to 0.97 t ha–1 yr–1 in 2015, and then increasing to 2.91 t ha–1 yr–1 in 2020.