Temporal and spatial evolution of LULC (2010-2020)

The main LULC types in the Jiuyuangou watershed are grassland (62.23%) and forest land (28.41%), followed by cropland (6.77%), building (2.49%), and water (0.09%). The spatial distribution of land use is affected by topography and human activities. Cropland is distributed throughout the Jiuyuangou watershed and close to residential areas. Settlement, roads, and other building areas are mainly distributed in flat terrain areas, while water bodies mainly include artificial lakes in the basin, with a small area close to construction land (Figure 4).