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\begin{document}

\title{Salt stress using Chenopodium quinoa as a model plant}



\author[1]{Lucia Acosta-Gamboa}%
\author[1]{Kirk Czymmek}%
\author[1]{Anastasiya Klebanovych}%
\author[1]{Samuel Kenney}%
\author[1]{Jared Gordon}%
\author[1]{Autumn Brown}%
\author[1]{Noah Fahlgren}%
\author[1]{Jorge Gutierrez}%
\author[1]{Haley Schuhl}%
\author[1]{Malia Gehan}%
\affil[1]{Affiliation not available}%


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  \date{May 25, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
\emph{Chenopodium quinoa} is an important crop known for its salt
tolerance. Salinity is an osmotic stress and ions accumulation in the
root zone causes a reduction in soil water availability, affecting the
uptake of essential nutrients, changing seed composition, and reducing
biomass. Hence, the need for high-yield crops in poor soils. This
research examines the effect of salt stress on quinoa photosynthetic
efficiency and salt bladder development. Sensitive and tolerant quinoa
lines were examined under salt stress conditions when a concentration of
155mM NaCl was applied. Soil conductivity was monitored for salt stress
during the experiment. At approximately two months old, CropReporter
images were taken and analyzed using PlantCV to estimate photosystem II
efficiency, non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), chlorophyll content, and
anthocyanin content. The analysis showed that the salt treatment did not
negatively affect the plant photosynthetic efficiency (no changes in
Fv/Fm, NPQ, Fq'/Fm') but leaf area and chlorophyll content was
statistically negatively affected by the treatment when comparing
genotypes. Live tissue was also analyzed using reflection and
fluorescence confocal microscopy, where epidermal salt bladders images
were acquired, visualized and analyzed in 3-D and the salt tolerant line
showed bigger bladder volumes compared with control conditions. A more
high-throughput approach using PlantCV, an open-source image analysis
software package targeted for plant phenotyping. This software helped
count epidermal salt bladders using stereoscope images. A comprehensive
understanding of the quinoa salt tolerant mechanisms by employing
multidisciplinary approaches is necessary for their effective
incorporation into salt-sensitive crops for better crop yields under
stressful environments.%
\end{abstract}%



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\textbf{} \emph{\textbf{Lucia Acosta-Gamboa\textsuperscript{\emph{1}}},
Kirk Czymmek\textsuperscript{1}, Anastasiya
Klebanovych\textsuperscript{1}, Samuel Kenney\textsuperscript{1}, Jared
Gordon\textsuperscript{1}, Autumn Brown\textsuperscript{1}, Noah
Fahlgren\textsuperscript{1}, Jorge Gutierrez\textsuperscript{1}, Haley
Schuhl\textsuperscript{1}, Malia Gehan\textsuperscript{1}}

\emph{\textsuperscript{1}Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Saint
Louis, MO, USA}

\textbf{ORCiD:} {[}0000-0001-7704-1845{]}

\textbf{Keywords:}~\emph{Chenopodium quinoa} , epidermal salt bladders,
photosynthetic efficiency, salt stress, fluorescence microscopy,
confocal microscopy, crop reporter, PlantCV

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