which was consistent across two large data sets. Our results
suggest the presence of behavioral hyperexcitability within high
schizotypy individuals; albeit our lack of neurological data limits the
extent to which we can infer the association between cortical
hyperexcitability and illusions seen in the PGT. However, overall, this
study reveals the need to continue studying the role cortical
hyperexcitability may be playing on perception in individuals high in
schizotypy traits.
References
Antonova, I., van Swam, C., Hubl, D., Griskova-Bulanova, I., Dierks, T.,
& Koenig, T. (2021). Altered visuospatial processing in schizophrenia:
An event-related potential microstate analysis comparing patients with
and without hallucinations with healthy controls. Neuroscience ,479 , 140–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.10.014
Atagun, M. I., Drukker, M., Hall, M. H., Altun, I. K., Tatli, S. Z.,
Guloksuz, S., van Os, J., & van Amelsvoort, T. (2020). Meta-analysis of
auditory P50 sensory gating in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging , 300 , 111078.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2020.111078
Bargary, G., Furlan, M., Raynham, P. J., Barbur, J. L., & Smith, A. T.
(2015). Cortical hyperexcitability and sensitivity to discomfort glare.Neuropsychologia , 69 , 194–200.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.02.006
Beasley, I. G., & Davies, L. N. (2012). Susceptibility to pattern glare
following stroke. Journal of Neurology , 259 (9),
1832–1839. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-012-6418-5
Betsch, T., Aßmann, L., & Glöckner, A. (2020). Paranormal beliefs and
individual differences: Story seeking without reasoned review.Heliyon , 6 (6), e04259.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04259
Braithwaite, J. J., Broglia, E., Brincat, O., Stapley, L., Wilkins, A.
J., & Takahashi, C. (2013). Signs of increased cortical
hyperexcitability selectively associated with spontaneous anomalous
bodily experiences in a nonclinical population. Cognitive
Neuropsychiatry , 18 (6), 549–573.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13546805.2013.768176
Braithwaite, J. J., Mevorach, C., & Takahashi, C. (2015). Stimulating
the aberrant brain: Evidence for increased cortical hyperexcitability
from a transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) study of
individuals predisposed to anomalous perceptions. Cortex ,69 , 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2015.03.023
Brockhaus-Dumke, A., Schultze-Lutter, F., Mueller, R., Tendolkar, I.,
Bechdolf, A., Pukrop, R., Klosterkoetter, J., & Ruhrmann, S. (2008).
Sensory gating in schizophrenia: P50 and N100 gating in
antipsychotic-free subjects at risk, first-episode, and chronic
patients. Biological Psychiatry , 64 (5), 376–384.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.02.006
Broyd, S. J., Michie, P. T., Bruggemann, J., van Hell, H. H., Greenwood,
L., Croft, R. J., Todd, J., Lenroot, R., & Solowij, N. (2016).
Schizotypy and auditory mismatch negativity in a non-clinical sample of
young adults. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging , 254 ,
83–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.06.011
Bunney, W. E., Hetrick, W. P., Bunney, B. G., Patterson, J. V., Jin, Y.,
Potkin, S. G., & Sandman, C. A. (1999). Structured Interview for
Assessing Perceptual Anomalies (SIAPA). Schizophrenia Bulletin ,25 (3), 577–592.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033402
Cadenhead, K. S., Light, G. A., Geyer, M. A., & Braff, D. L. (2000).
Sensory gating deficits assessed by the P50 event-related potential in
subjects with schizotypal personality disorder. American Journal
of Psychiatry , 157 (1), 55–59.
https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.157.1.55
Campbell, F. W., & Robson, J. G. (1968). Application of fourier
analysis to the visibility of gratings. The Journal of
Physiology , 197 (3), 551–566.
https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1968.sp008574
Chen, W. J., Hsiao, C. K., & Lin, C. C. H. (1997). Schizotypy in
community samples: The three-factor structure and correlation with
sustained attention. Journal of Abnormal Psychology ,106 (4), 649–654. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.106.4.649
Cicero, D. C., & Kerns, J. G. (2010). Can disorganized and positive
schizotypy be discriminated from dissociation?: Schizotypy facets and
dissociation. Journal of Personality ,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00649.x
Cohen, A. S., Matthews, R. A., Najolia, G. M., & Brown, L. A. (2010).
Toward a more psychometrically sound brief measure of schizotypal
traits: Introducing the SPQ-Brief Revised. Journal of Personality
Disorders , 24 (4), 516–537.
https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2010.24.4.516
Coutts, L. V., Cooper, C. E., Elwell, C. E., & Wilkins, A. J. (2012).
Time course of the haemodynamic response to visual stimulation in
migraine, measured using near-infrared spectroscopy. Cephalalgia ,32 (8), 621–629. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102412444474
Croft, R. J., Lee, A., Bertolot, J., & Gruzelier, J. H. (2001).
Associations of P50 suppression and desensitization with perceptual and
cognitive features of “unreality” in schizotypy. Biological
Psychiatry , 50 (6), 441–446.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01082-4
Donaldson, K. R., Larsen, E. M., Jonas, K., Tramazzo, S., Perlman, G.,
Foti, D., Mohanty, A., & Kotov, R. (2021). Mismatch negativity
amplitude in first-degree relatives of individuals with psychotic
disorders: Links with cognition and schizotypy. Schizophrenia
Research , 238 , 161–169.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2021.10.006
Earls, H. A., Curran, T., & Mittal, V. (2016). Deficits in early stages
of face processing in schizophrenia: A systematic review of the P100
component. Schizophrenia Bulletin , 42 (2), 519–527.
https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbv096
Erickson, M. A., Ruffle, A., & Gold, J. M. (2016). A meta-analysis of
mismatch negativity in schizophrenia: From clinical risk to disease
specificity and progression. Biological Psychiatry ,79 (12), 980–987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.08.025
Ettinger, U., Mohr, C., Gooding, D. C., Cohen, A. S., Rapp, A.,
Haenschel, C., & Park, S. (2015). Cognition and brain function in
schizotypy: A selective review. Schizophrenia Bulletin ,41 (suppl 2), S417–S426. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbu190
Evans, B. J. W., & Stevenson, S. J. (2008). The Pattern Glare Test: A
review and determination of normative values. Ophthalmic and
Physiological Optics , 28 (4), 295–309.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-1313.2008.00578.x
Farkas, K., Stefanics, G., Marosi, C., & Csukly, G. (2015). Elementary
sensory deficits in schizophrenia indexed by impaired visual mismatch
negativity. Schizophrenia Research , 166 (1–3), 164–170.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2015.05.011
Favrod, O., Sierro, G., Roinishvili, M., Chkonia, E., Mohr, C., Herzog,
M. H., & Cappe, C. (2017). Electrophysiological correlates of visual
backward masking in high schizotypic personality traits participants.Psychiatry Research , 254 , 251–257.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.04.051
Fong, C. Y., Law, W. H. C., Braithwaite, J. J., & Mazaheri, A. (2020).
Differences in early and late pattern-onset visual-evoked potentials
between self- reported migraineurs and controls. NeuroImage:
Clinical , 25 , 102122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2019.102122
Fong, C. Y., Takahashi, C., & Braithwaite, J. J. (2019). Evidence for
distinct clusters of diverse anomalous experiences and their selective
association with signs of elevated cortical hyperexcitability.Consciousness and Cognition , 71 , 1–17.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2019.03.003
Force, R. B., Venables, N. C., & Sponheim, S. R. (2008). An auditory
processing abnormality specific to liability for schizophrenia.Schizophrenia Research , 103 (1–3), 298–310.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2008.04.038
Freedman, R., Olsen-Dufour, A. M., & Olincy, A. (2020). P50 inhibitory
sensory gating in schizophrenia: Analysis of recent studies.Schizophrenia Research , 218 , 93–98.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2020.02.003
Gaebler, A. J., Mathiak, K., Koten, J. W., König, A. A., Koush, Y.,
Weyer, D., Depner, C., Matentzoglu, S., Edgar, J. C., Willmes, K., &
Zvyagintsev, M. (2015). Auditory mismatch impairments are characterized
by core neural dysfunctions in schizophrenia. Brain ,138 (5), 1410–1423. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awv049
González-Rodríguez, A., García-Pérez, Á., Godoy-Giménez, M., Carmona,
I., Estévez, Á. F., Sayans-Jiménez, P., & Cañadas, F. (2021).
Schizotypal personality traits and the social learning of fear.Scientific Reports , 11 (1), 23048.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-02336-6
Haenschel, C., Bittner, R. A., Haertling, F., Rotarska-Jagiela, A.,
Maurer, K., Singer, W., & Linden, D. E. J. (2007). Contribution of
impaired early-stage visual processing to working memory dysfunction in
adolescents with schizophrenia: A study with event-related potentials
and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Archives of General
Psychiatry , 64 (11), 1229.
https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.64.11.1229
Haigh, S. M., Coffman, B. A., Murphy, T. K., Butera, C. D., &
Salisbury, D. F. (2016a). Abnormal auditory pattern perception in
schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research , 176 (2–3),
473–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2016.07.007
Haigh, S. M., Gupta, A., Barb, S. M., Glass, S. A. F., Minshew, N. J.,
Dinstein, I., Heeger, D. J., Eack, S. M., & Behrmann, M. (2016b).
Differential sensory fMRI signatures in autism and schizophrenia:
Analysis of amplitude and trial-to-trial variability.Schizophrenia Research , 175 (1–3), 12–19.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2016.03.036
Harle, D. E., Shepherd, A. J., & Evans, B. J. W. (2006). Visual stimuli
are common triggers of migraine and are associated with Pattern Glare.Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain , 46 (9),
1431–1440. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4610.2006.00585.x
Hazlett, E. A., Rothstein, E. G., Ferreira, R., Silverman, J. M.,
Siever, L. J., & Olincy, A. (2015). Sensory gating disturbances in the
spectrum: Similarities and differences in schizotypal personality
disorder and schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research ,161 (2–3), 283–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2014.11.020
Herrmann, M. J., Ellgring, H., & Fallgatter, A. J. (2004). Early-stage
face processing dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia.American Journal of Psychiatry , 161 (5), 915–917.
https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.5.915
Hetrick, W. P., Erickson, M. A., & Smith, D. A. (2012).
Phenomenological dimensions of sensory gating. Schizophrenia
Bulletin , 38 (1), 178–191. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbq054
Hoptman, M. J., Parker, E. M., Nair-Collins, S., Dias, E. C., Ross, M.
E., DiCostanzo, J. N., Sehatpour, P., & Javitt, D. C. (2018). Sensory
and cross-network contributions to response inhibition in patients with
schizophrenia. NeuroImage: Clinical , 18 , 31–39.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2018.01.001
Hoptman, M. J., Zuo, X.-N., Butler, P. D., Javitt, D. C., D’Angelo, D.,
Mauro, C. J., & Milham, M. P. (2010). Amplitude of low-frequency
oscillations in schizophrenia: A resting state fMRI study.Schizophrenia Research , 117 (1), 13–20.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2009.09.030
Huang, J., Cooper, T. G., Satana, B., Kaufman, D. I., & Cao, Y. (2003).
Visual distortion provoked by a stimulus in migraine associated with
hyperneuronal Activity. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face
Pain , 43 (6), 664–671.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-4610.2003.03110.x
Javitt, D. C., & Freedman, R. (2015). Sensory processing dysfunction in
the personal experience and neuronal machinery of schizophrenia.American Journal of Psychiatry , 172 (1), 17–31.
https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13121691
Javitt, D. C., Lee, M., Kantrowitz, J. T., & Martinez, A. (2018).
Mismatch negativity as a biomarker of theta band oscillatory dysfunction
in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research , 191 , 51–60.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2017.06.023
Joshi, Y. B., Breitenstein, B., Tarasenko, M., Thomas, M. L., Chang,
W.-L., Sprock, J., Sharp, R. F., & Light, G. A. (2018). Mismatch
negativity impairment is associated with deficits in identifying
real-world environmental sounds in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia
Research , 191 , 5–9.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2017.05.020
Kelemen, O., Kiss, I., Benedek, G., & Kéri, S. (2013). Perceptual and
cognitive effects of antipsychotics in first-episode schizophrenia: The
potential impact of GABA concentration in the visual cortex.Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry ,47 , 13–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.07.024
Kemp, K. C., Bathery, A. J., Barrantes-Vidal, N., & Kwapil, T. R.
(2021). Positive, negative, and disorganized schizotypy predict
differential patterns of interview-rated schizophrenia-spectrum symptoms
and impairment. Assessment , 28 (1), 141–152.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191119900008
Kemp, K. C., Gross, G. M., Barrantes-Vidal, N., & Kwapil, T. R. (2018).
Association of positive, negative, and disorganized schizotypy
dimensions with affective symptoms and experiences. Psychiatry
Research , 270 , 1143–1149.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.10.031
Kerns, J. G. (2006). Schizotypy facets, cognitive control, and emotion.Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 115 (3), 418–427.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.115.3.418
Kerns, J. G., & Becker, T. M. (2008). Communication disturbances,
working memory, and emotion in people with elevated disorganized
schizotypy. Schizophrenia Research , 100 (1–3), 172–180.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2007.11.005
Koshiyama, D., Kirihara, K., Tada, M., Nagai, T., Fujioka, M., Usui, K.,
Araki, T., & Kasai, K. (2020). Reduced auditory mismatch negativity
reflects impaired deviance detection in schizophrenia.Schizophrenia Bulletin , 46 (4), 937–946.
https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa006
Kwapil, T. R., & Barrantes-Vidal, N. (2015). Schizotypy: Looking back
and moving forward. Schizophrenia Bulletin , 41 (suppl 2),
S366–S373. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbu186
Luo, Y., Zhang, J., Wang, C., Zhao, X., Chang, Q., Wang, H., & Wang, C.
(2019). Discriminating schizophrenia disease progression using a P50
sensory gating task with dense-array EEG, clinical assessments, and
cognitive tests. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics ,19 (5), 459–470. https://doi.org/10.1080/14737175.2019.1601558
Martínez, A., Gaspar, P. A., Hillyard, S. A., Andersen, S. K.,
Lopez-Calderon, J., Corcoran, C. M., & Javitt, D. C. (2018). Impaired
motion processing in schizophrenia and the attenuated psychosis
syndrome: Etiological and clinical implications. American Journal
of Psychiatry , 175 (12), 1243–1254.
https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.18010072
Mathalon, D. H., Roach, B. J., Ferri, J. M., Loewy, R. L., Stuart, B.
K., Perez, V. B., Trujillo, T. H., & Ford, J. M. (2019). Deficient
auditory predictive coding during vocalization in the psychosis risk
syndrome and in early illness schizophrenia: The final expanded sample.Psychological Medicine , 49 (11), 1897–1904.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291718002659
McGhie, A., & Chapman, J. (1961). Disorders of attention and perception
in early schizophrenia. British Journal of Medical Psychology ,34 (2), 103–116.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.1961.tb00936.x
Micoulaud-Franchi, J.-A., Aramaki, M., Merer, A., Cermolacce, M., Ystad,
S., Kronland-Martinet, R., Naudin, J., & Vion-Dury, J. (2012). Toward
an exploration of feeling of strangeness in schizophrenia: Perspectives
on acousmatic and everyday listening. Journal of Abnormal
Psychology , 121 (3), 628–640. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026411
Moussa-Tooks, A. B., Bailey, A. J., Bolbecker, A. R., Viken, R. J.,
O’Donnell, B. F., & Hetrick, W. P. (2021). Bifactor structure of the
Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire across the schizotypy spectrum.Journal of Personality Disorders , 35 (4), 513–537.
https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2020_34_466
Myles, J. B., Rossell, S. L., Phillipou, A., Thomas, E., & Gurvich, C.
(2017). Insights to the schizophrenia continuum: A systematic review of
saccadic eye movements in schizotypy and biological relatives of
schizophrenia patients. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews ,72 , 278–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.10.034
Nelson, M. T., Seal, M. L., Pantelis, C., & Phillips, L. J. (2013).
Evidence of a dimensional relationship between schizotypy and
schizophrenia: A systematic review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral
Reviews , 37 (3), 317–327.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.01.004
Neuhaus, A. H., Karl, C., Hahn, E., Trempler, N. R., Opgen-Rhein, C.,
Urbanek, C., Hahn, C., Ta, T. M. T., & Dettling, M. (2011). Dissection
of early bottom-up and top-down deficits during visual attention in
schizophrenia. Clinical Neurophysiology , 122 (1), 90–98.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2010.06.011
Oestreich, L. K. L., Mifsud, N. G., Ford, J. M., Roach, B. J., Mathalon,
D. H., & Whitford, T. J. (2015). Subnormal sensory attenuation to
self-generated speech in schizotypy: Electrophysiological evidence for a
‘continuum of psychosis.’ International Journal of
Psychophysiology , 97 (2), 131–138.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.05.014
Oestreich, L. K. L., Mifsud, N. G., Ford, J. M., Roach, B. J., Mathalon,
D. H., & Whitford, T. J. (2016). Cortical suppression to delayed
self-initiated auditory stimuli in schizotypy: Neurophysiological
evidence for a continuum of psychosis. Clinical EEG and
Neuroscience , 47 (1), 3–10.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1550059415581708
Osokina, O. I., & Ivnyev, B. B. (2018). Cerebral evoked potentials in
patients at an early stage of schizophrenia. Neurophysiology ,50 (4), 292–301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11062-018-9751-1
Park, H. R. P., Lim, V. K., Kirk, I. J., & Waldie, K. E. (2015). P50
sensory gating deficits in schizotypy. Personality and Individual
Differences , 82 , 142–147.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.03.025
Patterson, J. V., Hetrick, W. P., Boutros, N. N., Jin, Y., Sandman, C.,
Stern, H., Potkin, S., & Bunney, W. E. (2008). P50 sensory gating
ratios in schizophrenics and controls: A review and data analysis.Psychiatry Research , 158 (2), 226–247.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2007.02.009
Perez, V. B., Ford, J. M., Roach, B. J., Loewy, R. L., Stuart, B. K.,
Vinogradov, S., & Mathalon, D. H. (2012). Auditory cortex
responsiveness during talking and listening: Early illness schizophrenia
and patients at clinical high-risk for psychosis. Schizophrenia
Bulletin , 38 (6), 1216–1224.
https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbr124
Potter, D., Summerfelt, A., Gold, J., & Buchanan, R. W. (2006). Review
of clinical correlates of P50 sensory gating abnormalities in patients
with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin , 32 (4),
692–700. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbj050
Qi, X., Fan, H., Yang, X., Chen, Y., Deng, W., Guo, W., Wang, Q., Chen,
E., Li, T., & Ma, X. (2019). High level of pattern glare in major
depressive disorder. BMC Psychiatry , 19 (1), 415.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-019-2399-6
Ramsay, I. S., Schallmo, M.-P., Biagianti, B., Fisher, M., Vinogradov,
S., & Sponheim, S. R. (2020). Deficits in auditory and visual sensory
discrimination reflect a genetic liability for psychosis and predict
disruptions in global cognitive functioning. Frontiers in
Psychiatry , 11 , 638. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00638
Riekki, T., Lindeman, M., Aleneff, M., Halme, A., & Nuortimo, A.
(2013). Paranormal and religious believers are more prone to illusory
face perception than skeptics and non-believers: Illusory faces and
paranormal beliefs. Applied Cognitive Psychology , 27 (2),
150–155. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.2874
Sahakyan, L., & Kwapil, T. R. (2019). Hits and false alarms in
recognition memory show differential impairment in positive and negative
schizotypy. Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 128 (6),
633–643. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000441
Simmonds-Moore, C. (2014). Exploring the perceptual biases associated
with believing and disbelieving in paranormal phenomena.Consciousness and Cognition , 28 , 30–46.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2014.06.004
Spencer, K. M., & McCarley, R. W. (2005). Visual hallucinations,
attention, and neural circuitry: Perspectives from schizophrenia
research. Behavioral and Brain Sciences , 28 (6), 774–774.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X05390133
Teeple, R. C., Caplan, J. P., & Stern, T. A. (2009). Visual
hallucinations: Differential diagnosis and treatment. The Primary
Care Companion to The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 11 (1),
26–32. https://doi.org/10.4088/PCC.08r00673
Thakkar, K. N., Silverstein, S. M., & Brascamp, J. W. (2019). A review
of visual aftereffects in schizophrenia. Neuroscience &
Biobehavioral Reviews , 101 , 68–77.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.021
Todd, J., Michie, P. T., & Jablensky, A. V. (2003). Association between
reduced duration mismatch negativity (MMN) and raised temporal
discrimination thresholds in schizophrenia. Clinical
Neurophysiology , 114 (11), 2061–2070.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1388-2457(03)00246-3
Umbricht, D., & Krljes, S. (2005). Mismatch negativity in
schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research ,76 (1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2004.12.002
Urban, A., Kremlacek, J., Masopust, J., & Libiger, J. (2008). Visual
mismatch negativity among patients with schizophrenia.Schizophrenia Research , 102 (1–3), 320–328.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2008.03.014
Walther, S., Federspiel, A., Horn, H., Bianchi, P., Wiest, R., Wirth,
M., Strik, W., & Müller, T. J. (2009). Encoding deficit during face
processing within the right fusiform face area in schizophrenia.Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging , 172 (3), 184–191.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2008.07.009
Wang, J., Miyazato, H., Hokama, H., Hiramatsu, K.-I., & Kondo, T.
(2004). Correlation between P50 suppression and psychometric schizotypy
among non-clinical Japanese subjects. International Journal of
Psychophysiology , 52 (2), 147–157.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2003.06.001
Ward, J., Hoadley, C., Hughes, J. E. A., Smith, P., Allison, C.,
Baron-Cohen, S., & Simner, J. (2017). Atypical sensory sensitivity as a
shared feature between synaesthesia and autism. Scientific
Reports , 7 (1), 41155. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep41155
Wilkins, A. J., & Evans, B. J. W. (2001). Pattern glare test
instructions. IOO Sales Ltd, London .
Wilkins, A., Nimmo-Smith, I., Tait, A., McManus, C., Sala, S. D.,
Tilley, A., Arnold, K., Barrie, M., & Scott, S. (1984). A neurological
basis for visual discomfort. Brain , 107 (4), 989–1017.
https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/107.4.989
Zhou, S., Xu, Y., Wang, N., Zhang, S., Geng, H., & Jia, H. (2020).
Deficits of subliminal self-face processing in schizophrenia.Consciousness and Cognition , 79 , 102896.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2020.102896