which was consistent across two large data sets. Our results suggest the presence of behavioral hyperexcitability within high schizotypy individuals; albeit our lack of neurological data limits the extent to which we can infer the association between cortical hyperexcitability and illusions seen in the PGT. However, overall, this study reveals the need to continue studying the role cortical hyperexcitability may be playing on perception in individuals high in schizotypy traits.
References
Antonova, I., van Swam, C., Hubl, D., Griskova-Bulanova, I., Dierks, T., & Koenig, T. (2021). Altered visuospatial processing in schizophrenia: An event-related potential microstate analysis comparing patients with and without hallucinations with healthy controls. Neuroscience ,479 , 140–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.10.014
Atagun, M. I., Drukker, M., Hall, M. H., Altun, I. K., Tatli, S. Z., Guloksuz, S., van Os, J., & van Amelsvoort, T. (2020). Meta-analysis of auditory P50 sensory gating in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging , 300 , 111078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2020.111078
Bargary, G., Furlan, M., Raynham, P. J., Barbur, J. L., & Smith, A. T. (2015). Cortical hyperexcitability and sensitivity to discomfort glare.Neuropsychologia , 69 , 194–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.02.006
Beasley, I. G., & Davies, L. N. (2012). Susceptibility to pattern glare following stroke. Journal of Neurology , 259 (9), 1832–1839. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-012-6418-5
Betsch, T., Aßmann, L., & Glöckner, A. (2020). Paranormal beliefs and individual differences: Story seeking without reasoned review.Heliyon , 6 (6), e04259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04259
Braithwaite, J. J., Broglia, E., Brincat, O., Stapley, L., Wilkins, A. J., & Takahashi, C. (2013). Signs of increased cortical hyperexcitability selectively associated with spontaneous anomalous bodily experiences in a nonclinical population. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry , 18 (6), 549–573. https://doi.org/10.1080/13546805.2013.768176
Braithwaite, J. J., Mevorach, C., & Takahashi, C. (2015). Stimulating the aberrant brain: Evidence for increased cortical hyperexcitability from a transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) study of individuals predisposed to anomalous perceptions. Cortex ,69 , 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2015.03.023
Brockhaus-Dumke, A., Schultze-Lutter, F., Mueller, R., Tendolkar, I., Bechdolf, A., Pukrop, R., Klosterkoetter, J., & Ruhrmann, S. (2008). Sensory gating in schizophrenia: P50 and N100 gating in antipsychotic-free subjects at risk, first-episode, and chronic patients. Biological Psychiatry , 64 (5), 376–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.02.006
Broyd, S. J., Michie, P. T., Bruggemann, J., van Hell, H. H., Greenwood, L., Croft, R. J., Todd, J., Lenroot, R., & Solowij, N. (2016). Schizotypy and auditory mismatch negativity in a non-clinical sample of young adults. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging , 254 , 83–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.06.011
Bunney, W. E., Hetrick, W. P., Bunney, B. G., Patterson, J. V., Jin, Y., Potkin, S. G., & Sandman, C. A. (1999). Structured Interview for Assessing Perceptual Anomalies (SIAPA). Schizophrenia Bulletin ,25 (3), 577–592. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033402
Cadenhead, K. S., Light, G. A., Geyer, M. A., & Braff, D. L. (2000). Sensory gating deficits assessed by the P50 event-related potential in subjects with schizotypal personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry , 157 (1), 55–59. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.157.1.55
Campbell, F. W., & Robson, J. G. (1968). Application of fourier analysis to the visibility of gratings. The Journal of Physiology , 197 (3), 551–566. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1968.sp008574
Chen, W. J., Hsiao, C. K., & Lin, C. C. H. (1997). Schizotypy in community samples: The three-factor structure and correlation with sustained attention. Journal of Abnormal Psychology ,106 (4), 649–654. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.106.4.649
Cicero, D. C., & Kerns, J. G. (2010). Can disorganized and positive schizotypy be discriminated from dissociation?: Schizotypy facets and dissociation. Journal of Personality , https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00649.x
Cohen, A. S., Matthews, R. A., Najolia, G. M., & Brown, L. A. (2010). Toward a more psychometrically sound brief measure of schizotypal traits: Introducing the SPQ-Brief Revised. Journal of Personality Disorders , 24 (4), 516–537. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2010.24.4.516
Coutts, L. V., Cooper, C. E., Elwell, C. E., & Wilkins, A. J. (2012). Time course of the haemodynamic response to visual stimulation in migraine, measured using near-infrared spectroscopy. Cephalalgia ,32 (8), 621–629. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102412444474
Croft, R. J., Lee, A., Bertolot, J., & Gruzelier, J. H. (2001). Associations of P50 suppression and desensitization with perceptual and cognitive features of “unreality” in schizotypy. Biological Psychiatry , 50 (6), 441–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01082-4
Donaldson, K. R., Larsen, E. M., Jonas, K., Tramazzo, S., Perlman, G., Foti, D., Mohanty, A., & Kotov, R. (2021). Mismatch negativity amplitude in first-degree relatives of individuals with psychotic disorders: Links with cognition and schizotypy. Schizophrenia Research , 238 , 161–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2021.10.006
Earls, H. A., Curran, T., & Mittal, V. (2016). Deficits in early stages of face processing in schizophrenia: A systematic review of the P100 component. Schizophrenia Bulletin , 42 (2), 519–527. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbv096
Erickson, M. A., Ruffle, A., & Gold, J. M. (2016). A meta-analysis of mismatch negativity in schizophrenia: From clinical risk to disease specificity and progression. Biological Psychiatry ,79 (12), 980–987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.08.025
Ettinger, U., Mohr, C., Gooding, D. C., Cohen, A. S., Rapp, A., Haenschel, C., & Park, S. (2015). Cognition and brain function in schizotypy: A selective review. Schizophrenia Bulletin ,41 (suppl 2), S417–S426. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbu190
Evans, B. J. W., & Stevenson, S. J. (2008). The Pattern Glare Test: A review and determination of normative values. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics , 28 (4), 295–309. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-1313.2008.00578.x
Farkas, K., Stefanics, G., Marosi, C., & Csukly, G. (2015). Elementary sensory deficits in schizophrenia indexed by impaired visual mismatch negativity. Schizophrenia Research , 166 (1–3), 164–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2015.05.011
Favrod, O., Sierro, G., Roinishvili, M., Chkonia, E., Mohr, C., Herzog, M. H., & Cappe, C. (2017). Electrophysiological correlates of visual backward masking in high schizotypic personality traits participants.Psychiatry Research , 254 , 251–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.04.051
Fong, C. Y., Law, W. H. C., Braithwaite, J. J., & Mazaheri, A. (2020). Differences in early and late pattern-onset visual-evoked potentials between self- reported migraineurs and controls. NeuroImage: Clinical , 25 , 102122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2019.102122
Fong, C. Y., Takahashi, C., & Braithwaite, J. J. (2019). Evidence for distinct clusters of diverse anomalous experiences and their selective association with signs of elevated cortical hyperexcitability.Consciousness and Cognition , 71 , 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2019.03.003
Force, R. B., Venables, N. C., & Sponheim, S. R. (2008). An auditory processing abnormality specific to liability for schizophrenia.Schizophrenia Research , 103 (1–3), 298–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2008.04.038
Freedman, R., Olsen-Dufour, A. M., & Olincy, A. (2020). P50 inhibitory sensory gating in schizophrenia: Analysis of recent studies.Schizophrenia Research , 218 , 93–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2020.02.003
Gaebler, A. J., Mathiak, K., Koten, J. W., König, A. A., Koush, Y., Weyer, D., Depner, C., Matentzoglu, S., Edgar, J. C., Willmes, K., & Zvyagintsev, M. (2015). Auditory mismatch impairments are characterized by core neural dysfunctions in schizophrenia. Brain ,138 (5), 1410–1423. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awv049
González-Rodríguez, A., García-Pérez, Á., Godoy-Giménez, M., Carmona, I., Estévez, Á. F., Sayans-Jiménez, P., & Cañadas, F. (2021). Schizotypal personality traits and the social learning of fear.Scientific Reports , 11 (1), 23048. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-02336-6
Haenschel, C., Bittner, R. A., Haertling, F., Rotarska-Jagiela, A., Maurer, K., Singer, W., & Linden, D. E. J. (2007). Contribution of impaired early-stage visual processing to working memory dysfunction in adolescents with schizophrenia: A study with event-related potentials and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Archives of General Psychiatry , 64 (11), 1229. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.64.11.1229
Haigh, S. M., Coffman, B. A., Murphy, T. K., Butera, C. D., & Salisbury, D. F. (2016a). Abnormal auditory pattern perception in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research , 176 (2–3), 473–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2016.07.007
Haigh, S. M., Gupta, A., Barb, S. M., Glass, S. A. F., Minshew, N. J., Dinstein, I., Heeger, D. J., Eack, S. M., & Behrmann, M. (2016b). Differential sensory fMRI signatures in autism and schizophrenia: Analysis of amplitude and trial-to-trial variability.Schizophrenia Research , 175 (1–3), 12–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2016.03.036
Harle, D. E., Shepherd, A. J., & Evans, B. J. W. (2006). Visual stimuli are common triggers of migraine and are associated with Pattern Glare.Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain , 46 (9), 1431–1440. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4610.2006.00585.x
Hazlett, E. A., Rothstein, E. G., Ferreira, R., Silverman, J. M., Siever, L. J., & Olincy, A. (2015). Sensory gating disturbances in the spectrum: Similarities and differences in schizotypal personality disorder and schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research ,161 (2–3), 283–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2014.11.020
Herrmann, M. J., Ellgring, H., & Fallgatter, A. J. (2004). Early-stage face processing dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia.American Journal of Psychiatry , 161 (5), 915–917. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.5.915
Hetrick, W. P., Erickson, M. A., & Smith, D. A. (2012). Phenomenological dimensions of sensory gating. Schizophrenia Bulletin , 38 (1), 178–191. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbq054
Hoptman, M. J., Parker, E. M., Nair-Collins, S., Dias, E. C., Ross, M. E., DiCostanzo, J. N., Sehatpour, P., & Javitt, D. C. (2018). Sensory and cross-network contributions to response inhibition in patients with schizophrenia. NeuroImage: Clinical , 18 , 31–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2018.01.001
Hoptman, M. J., Zuo, X.-N., Butler, P. D., Javitt, D. C., D’Angelo, D., Mauro, C. J., & Milham, M. P. (2010). Amplitude of low-frequency oscillations in schizophrenia: A resting state fMRI study.Schizophrenia Research , 117 (1), 13–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2009.09.030
Huang, J., Cooper, T. G., Satana, B., Kaufman, D. I., & Cao, Y. (2003). Visual distortion provoked by a stimulus in migraine associated with hyperneuronal Activity. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain , 43 (6), 664–671. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-4610.2003.03110.x
Javitt, D. C., & Freedman, R. (2015). Sensory processing dysfunction in the personal experience and neuronal machinery of schizophrenia.American Journal of Psychiatry , 172 (1), 17–31. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13121691
Javitt, D. C., Lee, M., Kantrowitz, J. T., & Martinez, A. (2018). Mismatch negativity as a biomarker of theta band oscillatory dysfunction in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research , 191 , 51–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2017.06.023
Joshi, Y. B., Breitenstein, B., Tarasenko, M., Thomas, M. L., Chang, W.-L., Sprock, J., Sharp, R. F., & Light, G. A. (2018). Mismatch negativity impairment is associated with deficits in identifying real-world environmental sounds in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research , 191 , 5–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2017.05.020
Kelemen, O., Kiss, I., Benedek, G., & Kéri, S. (2013). Perceptual and cognitive effects of antipsychotics in first-episode schizophrenia: The potential impact of GABA concentration in the visual cortex.Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry ,47 , 13–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.07.024
Kemp, K. C., Bathery, A. J., Barrantes-Vidal, N., & Kwapil, T. R. (2021). Positive, negative, and disorganized schizotypy predict differential patterns of interview-rated schizophrenia-spectrum symptoms and impairment. Assessment , 28 (1), 141–152. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191119900008
Kemp, K. C., Gross, G. M., Barrantes-Vidal, N., & Kwapil, T. R. (2018). Association of positive, negative, and disorganized schizotypy dimensions with affective symptoms and experiences. Psychiatry Research , 270 , 1143–1149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.10.031
Kerns, J. G. (2006). Schizotypy facets, cognitive control, and emotion.Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 115 (3), 418–427. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.115.3.418
Kerns, J. G., & Becker, T. M. (2008). Communication disturbances, working memory, and emotion in people with elevated disorganized schizotypy. Schizophrenia Research , 100 (1–3), 172–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2007.11.005
Koshiyama, D., Kirihara, K., Tada, M., Nagai, T., Fujioka, M., Usui, K., Araki, T., & Kasai, K. (2020). Reduced auditory mismatch negativity reflects impaired deviance detection in schizophrenia.Schizophrenia Bulletin , 46 (4), 937–946. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa006
Kwapil, T. R., & Barrantes-Vidal, N. (2015). Schizotypy: Looking back and moving forward. Schizophrenia Bulletin , 41 (suppl 2), S366–S373. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbu186
Luo, Y., Zhang, J., Wang, C., Zhao, X., Chang, Q., Wang, H., & Wang, C. (2019). Discriminating schizophrenia disease progression using a P50 sensory gating task with dense-array EEG, clinical assessments, and cognitive tests. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics ,19 (5), 459–470. https://doi.org/10.1080/14737175.2019.1601558
Martínez, A., Gaspar, P. A., Hillyard, S. A., Andersen, S. K., Lopez-Calderon, J., Corcoran, C. M., & Javitt, D. C. (2018). Impaired motion processing in schizophrenia and the attenuated psychosis syndrome: Etiological and clinical implications. American Journal of Psychiatry , 175 (12), 1243–1254. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.18010072
Mathalon, D. H., Roach, B. J., Ferri, J. M., Loewy, R. L., Stuart, B. K., Perez, V. B., Trujillo, T. H., & Ford, J. M. (2019). Deficient auditory predictive coding during vocalization in the psychosis risk syndrome and in early illness schizophrenia: The final expanded sample.Psychological Medicine , 49 (11), 1897–1904. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291718002659
McGhie, A., & Chapman, J. (1961). Disorders of attention and perception in early schizophrenia. British Journal of Medical Psychology ,34 (2), 103–116. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.1961.tb00936.x
Micoulaud-Franchi, J.-A., Aramaki, M., Merer, A., Cermolacce, M., Ystad, S., Kronland-Martinet, R., Naudin, J., & Vion-Dury, J. (2012). Toward an exploration of feeling of strangeness in schizophrenia: Perspectives on acousmatic and everyday listening. Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 121 (3), 628–640. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026411
Moussa-Tooks, A. B., Bailey, A. J., Bolbecker, A. R., Viken, R. J., O’Donnell, B. F., & Hetrick, W. P. (2021). Bifactor structure of the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire across the schizotypy spectrum.Journal of Personality Disorders , 35 (4), 513–537. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2020_34_466
Myles, J. B., Rossell, S. L., Phillipou, A., Thomas, E., & Gurvich, C. (2017). Insights to the schizophrenia continuum: A systematic review of saccadic eye movements in schizotypy and biological relatives of schizophrenia patients. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews ,72 , 278–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.10.034
Nelson, M. T., Seal, M. L., Pantelis, C., & Phillips, L. J. (2013). Evidence of a dimensional relationship between schizotypy and schizophrenia: A systematic review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews , 37 (3), 317–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.01.004
Neuhaus, A. H., Karl, C., Hahn, E., Trempler, N. R., Opgen-Rhein, C., Urbanek, C., Hahn, C., Ta, T. M. T., & Dettling, M. (2011). Dissection of early bottom-up and top-down deficits during visual attention in schizophrenia. Clinical Neurophysiology , 122 (1), 90–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2010.06.011
Oestreich, L. K. L., Mifsud, N. G., Ford, J. M., Roach, B. J., Mathalon, D. H., & Whitford, T. J. (2015). Subnormal sensory attenuation to self-generated speech in schizotypy: Electrophysiological evidence for a ‘continuum of psychosis.’ International Journal of Psychophysiology , 97 (2), 131–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.05.014
Oestreich, L. K. L., Mifsud, N. G., Ford, J. M., Roach, B. J., Mathalon, D. H., & Whitford, T. J. (2016). Cortical suppression to delayed self-initiated auditory stimuli in schizotypy: Neurophysiological evidence for a continuum of psychosis. Clinical EEG and Neuroscience , 47 (1), 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/1550059415581708
Osokina, O. I., & Ivnyev, B. B. (2018). Cerebral evoked potentials in patients at an early stage of schizophrenia. Neurophysiology ,50 (4), 292–301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11062-018-9751-1
Park, H. R. P., Lim, V. K., Kirk, I. J., & Waldie, K. E. (2015). P50 sensory gating deficits in schizotypy. Personality and Individual Differences , 82 , 142–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.03.025
Patterson, J. V., Hetrick, W. P., Boutros, N. N., Jin, Y., Sandman, C., Stern, H., Potkin, S., & Bunney, W. E. (2008). P50 sensory gating ratios in schizophrenics and controls: A review and data analysis.Psychiatry Research , 158 (2), 226–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2007.02.009
Perez, V. B., Ford, J. M., Roach, B. J., Loewy, R. L., Stuart, B. K., Vinogradov, S., & Mathalon, D. H. (2012). Auditory cortex responsiveness during talking and listening: Early illness schizophrenia and patients at clinical high-risk for psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin , 38 (6), 1216–1224. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbr124
Potter, D., Summerfelt, A., Gold, J., & Buchanan, R. W. (2006). Review of clinical correlates of P50 sensory gating abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin , 32 (4), 692–700. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbj050
Qi, X., Fan, H., Yang, X., Chen, Y., Deng, W., Guo, W., Wang, Q., Chen, E., Li, T., & Ma, X. (2019). High level of pattern glare in major depressive disorder. BMC Psychiatry , 19 (1), 415. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-019-2399-6
Ramsay, I. S., Schallmo, M.-P., Biagianti, B., Fisher, M., Vinogradov, S., & Sponheim, S. R. (2020). Deficits in auditory and visual sensory discrimination reflect a genetic liability for psychosis and predict disruptions in global cognitive functioning. Frontiers in Psychiatry , 11 , 638. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00638
Riekki, T., Lindeman, M., Aleneff, M., Halme, A., & Nuortimo, A. (2013). Paranormal and religious believers are more prone to illusory face perception than skeptics and non-believers: Illusory faces and paranormal beliefs. Applied Cognitive Psychology , 27 (2), 150–155. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.2874
Sahakyan, L., & Kwapil, T. R. (2019). Hits and false alarms in recognition memory show differential impairment in positive and negative schizotypy. Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 128 (6), 633–643. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000441
Simmonds-Moore, C. (2014). Exploring the perceptual biases associated with believing and disbelieving in paranormal phenomena.Consciousness and Cognition , 28 , 30–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2014.06.004
Spencer, K. M., & McCarley, R. W. (2005). Visual hallucinations, attention, and neural circuitry: Perspectives from schizophrenia research. Behavioral and Brain Sciences , 28 (6), 774–774. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X05390133
Teeple, R. C., Caplan, J. P., & Stern, T. A. (2009). Visual hallucinations: Differential diagnosis and treatment. The Primary Care Companion to The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 11 (1), 26–32. https://doi.org/10.4088/PCC.08r00673
Thakkar, K. N., Silverstein, S. M., & Brascamp, J. W. (2019). A review of visual aftereffects in schizophrenia. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews , 101 , 68–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.021
Todd, J., Michie, P. T., & Jablensky, A. V. (2003). Association between reduced duration mismatch negativity (MMN) and raised temporal discrimination thresholds in schizophrenia. Clinical Neurophysiology , 114 (11), 2061–2070. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1388-2457(03)00246-3
Umbricht, D., & Krljes, S. (2005). Mismatch negativity in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research ,76 (1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2004.12.002
Urban, A., Kremlacek, J., Masopust, J., & Libiger, J. (2008). Visual mismatch negativity among patients with schizophrenia.Schizophrenia Research , 102 (1–3), 320–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2008.03.014
Walther, S., Federspiel, A., Horn, H., Bianchi, P., Wiest, R., Wirth, M., Strik, W., & Müller, T. J. (2009). Encoding deficit during face processing within the right fusiform face area in schizophrenia.Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging , 172 (3), 184–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2008.07.009
Wang, J., Miyazato, H., Hokama, H., Hiramatsu, K.-I., & Kondo, T. (2004). Correlation between P50 suppression and psychometric schizotypy among non-clinical Japanese subjects. International Journal of Psychophysiology , 52 (2), 147–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2003.06.001
Ward, J., Hoadley, C., Hughes, J. E. A., Smith, P., Allison, C., Baron-Cohen, S., & Simner, J. (2017). Atypical sensory sensitivity as a shared feature between synaesthesia and autism. Scientific Reports , 7 (1), 41155. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep41155
Wilkins, A. J., & Evans, B. J. W. (2001). Pattern glare test instructions. IOO Sales Ltd, London .
Wilkins, A., Nimmo-Smith, I., Tait, A., McManus, C., Sala, S. D., Tilley, A., Arnold, K., Barrie, M., & Scott, S. (1984). A neurological basis for visual discomfort. Brain , 107 (4), 989–1017. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/107.4.989
Zhou, S., Xu, Y., Wang, N., Zhang, S., Geng, H., & Jia, H. (2020). Deficits of subliminal self-face processing in schizophrenia.Consciousness and Cognition , 79 , 102896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2020.102896