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\begin{document}

\title{Role of MOC on Ancient Climates / Implications for Anthropogenic Climate
Change}



\author[1]{Malcolm Cumming}%
\affil[1]{Affiliation not available}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 18, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Our increasingly robust history of ancient climates indicates that high
latitude glaciation is the ultimate product of an episodic cooling trend
that began about 100-million years ago rather than a result of a
yet-to-be identified modal change. Antarctic geography (continent
surrounded by ocean) allowed ice to develop prior to significant
glaciation in the Northern Hemisphere (ocean surrounded by land), but
global ice volume generally increased as Earth cooled. The question of
what caused the Ice Ages should be reframed as to ``What caused the
Cenozoic Cooling?'' Records tell us that changes in temperature and CO2
levels rise and fall together, however it is not clear when CO2 acts as
a driver versus when it is primarily an indicator of temperature change.
The episodic nature of the cooling trend suggests other more dynamic
phenomena are involved. It is proposed that oceanic meridional
overturning circulation (MOC) plays a significant role in regulating
Earth's surface temperature. Robust MOC has a cooling effect which
results from its sequestration of cold waters (together with their
increased heat-absorbing potential) below the surface. Unable to better
absorb equatorial insolation for great lengths of time, oceanic deep
waters are not able to fully compensate for the heat lost by warm-water
transport to Polar Regions. A lag-time between cooling and subsequent
warming yields lower operating temperatures commensurate with the
strength of global MOC. The long-term decline in global temperatures is
largely explained by the tectonic reshaping of ocean basins and the
connections between them such that MOC has generally, but not uniformly,
increased. Geophysically Influenced MOC (GIMOC) has caused a significant
proportion of the lowering of global temperatures in the Cenozoic Era.
Short-term disruptions in MOC (and subsequent impacts on global
temperatures) were likely involved in Late Pleistocene glacial
termination events and may already be compounding present anthropogenic
CO2 induced warming. The immediate impacts of AMOC strength on North
Atlantic and European temperatures coupled with the delayed and opposing
effects on global temperatures offer explanations for phenomena
including: Younger Dryas, Little Ice Age and the bipolar seesaw. (Please
see supplemental file: Oceanic Geophysics \& History of Climate(ver
\#02).pdf listed below.)%
\end{abstract}%



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