Acknowledgements
We express our heartfelt thanks to the sea ice team, members of the
Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition, the crew of the Japan Maritime
Self-Defense Force icebreaker Shirase , and cruise members for
their support in conducting field work. We thank Prof. K. Kawashima, K.
Murakami, H. Nakajima, M. Kiuchi, T. Ishino, and T. P. Tamura for their
support in the low temperature room, M. Hirabayashi for oxygen isotopic
analyses, and A. Ooki for nutrient analyses. We benefitted greatly from
advice and useful comments on the nutrient data offered by A. Ooki and
T. Ishino. This work was supported by grants from the Japan Society for
the Promotion of Science (#17H04715, #17H04710, #17H06317,
#17H06322, #18F18794, #20H04345, #21H04931),
the Science Program of the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE)
as Prioritized Research AJ0902 (ROBOTICA), the National Institute of
Polar Research (NIPR) through Project Research KP-303 and General
Collaboration Project #28-14, #2-13 and the grant for young scientist,
the Center for the Promotion of Integrated Sciences of SOKENDAI, and the
Joint Research Program of the Institute of Low Temperature Science,
Hokkaido University. The data used in this study are available in the
supplementary information (Table S1) and are archived in the data
repository of the National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo, Japan
(https://ads.nipr.ac.jp), is underway.