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\begin{document}

\title{Nitrification and nitrous oxide production in the offshore waters of the
Eastern Tropical South Pacific}



\author[1]{Alyson E Santoro}%
\author[2]{Carolyn Buchwald}%
\author[3]{Angela N Knapp}%
\author[4]{William M. Berelson}%
\author[4]{Douglas G. Capone}%
\author[5]{Karen L Casciotti}%
\affil[1]{University of California Santa Barbara}%
\affil[2]{Dalhousie University}%
\affil[3]{Florida State University}%
\affil[4]{University of Southern California}%
\affil[5]{Standford University, Department of Environmental Earth System Science}%


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  \date{June 13, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Marine oxygen deficient zones (ODZs) are dynamic areas of microbial
nitrogen cycling. Nitrification, the microbial oxidation of ammonia to
nitrate, plays multiple roles in the biogeochemistry of these regions,
including production of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O). We
present here the results of two oceanographic cruises investigating
nitrification, nitrifying microorganisms, and N2O production and
distribution from the offshore waters of the Eastern Tropical South
Pacific (ETSP). On each cruise, high-resolution measurements of ammonium
({[}NH4+{]}), nitrite ({[}NO2-{]}), and N2O were combined with 15N
tracer-based determination of ammonia oxidation, nitrite oxidation,
nitrate reduction and N2O production rates. Depth-integrated inventories
of NH4+ and NO2- were positively correlated with one another, and with
depth-integrated primary production. Depth-integrated ammonia oxidation
rates were correlated with sinking particulate organic nitrogen flux but
not with primary production; ammonia oxidation rates were undetectable
in trap-collected sinking particulate material. Nitrite oxidation rates
exceeded ammonia oxidation rates at most mesopelagic depths. We found
positive correlations between archaeal genes and ammonia oxidation rates
and between -like 16S rRNA genes and nitrite oxidation rates. N2O
concentrations in the upper oxycline reached values of greater than 140
nM, even at the western extent of the cruise track, supporting air-sea
fluxes of up to 1.71 umol m-2 d-1. Our results suggest that a source of
N2O other than ammonia oxidation may fuel high rates of nitrite
oxidation in the offshore ETSP and that air-sea fluxes of N2O from this
region may be higher than previously estimated.%
\end{abstract}%



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