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\begin{document}

\title{Assessment of anthropogenic impacts and climatic factors on the
shrinkage of Seyfe Lake (Central Anatolia, Turkey) during the past 35
years}



\author[1]{Cansu Yurteri}%
\author[2]{Turker Kurttas}%
\affil[1]{Hacettepe University}%
\affil[2]{Hacettepe University Engineering Faculty}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 18, 2024}


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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
Lakes are valuable and sensitive freshwater reservoirs with ecosystems
that are highly vulnerable to many external threats. Specifically,
changes in lake surface area and water level fluctuations are important
parameters to detect changes in lake ecosystems. These fluctuations and
shrinkage levels of the lake area occur due to both climatic and
anthropogenic factors. Some examples of such include but are not limited
to changes in meteorological factors, land use, potable water supply,
water withdrawal for agricultural irrigation, and plant product pattern
factors play an important role in the sustainability of the lake region
and the water resources in the basin. In this paper, Seyfe Lake was
selected as the primary research area. Seyfe Lake is located 30 km
northeast of K\selectlanguage{polish}ı\selectlanguage{english}rsehir; the lake and its surroundings are a protected
Ramsar site. The lake consists of a closed basin and the average area of
the lake covers 35 km2, the calculation of which was obtained by
interpretation of Landsat images and lake bathymetric studies. The
average water depth of the lake is 1.65 m, with an elevation of 1110 m
above sea level. The lake is recharged by rainfall, surface runoff, and
underground flow. The discharge of the lake occurs via evaporation from
the lake surface. The paper aims to evaluate the relationship between
climatic and anthropogenic factors that caused the shrinkage of the
Seyfe Lake surface area and water level changes in the lake to
subsequently determine which factor predominantly posed a greater impact
over three decades (1985-2020). Geological, hydrogeological,
hydrological, and remote sensing surveys were carried out in the lake
area and the basin. Furthermore, satellite images, meteorological data,
lake bathymetric, and land cover maps were evaluated. It was determined
that the lake surface area decreased from 66.87 km2 to 1.86 km2 and the
lake area shrank by 93.78\% between the years 1985 to 2020. In the
period between 1990-2000, the total area of the lake was mainly
controlled by climatic variations (precipitation and temperature).
However, since the 2000s, there has been an increase in meteorological
factors such as temperature and evaporation and contrastingly, a
decrease in the amount of precipitation. When the land cover maps of the
study area were evaluated, it was determined that rain-fed agriculture
shifted to irrigated agriculture since 2006 within the lake basin.
Additionally, it was concluded that the farmlands area increased and the
transition to irrigated agriculture led to an increase in the amount of
water used in agricultural irrigation with uncontrolled groundwater
withdrawal from the wells in the lake basin. As a result of the research
carried out in the study area, it was concluded that climatic and
anthropogenic factors caused the decrease in the lake surface area and
human activities impacted a greater share in the lake level change and
shrinkage in the surface area in the last 15 years%
\end{abstract}%



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