Figure 4 Illustration of the actuation of (A)the homochiral and (B) the heterochiral artificial muscles in
response to solvents. Photographs of (C) the homochiral and(D) the heterochiral artificial muscles before and after
actuation in water and ethanol. (E) Tensile stroke of the
homochiral artificial muscles with the twist density of 2500 turns
m-1 and the diameters of 1.6 mm, 3.0 mm, 5.0 mm, 7.0
mm, and 8.0 mm. (F) Tensile stroke of the heterochiral
artificial muscles with the twist density of 2650 turns
m-1 and the diameters of 1.6 mm, 3.0 mm, 5.0 mm, 7.0
mm, and 8.0 mm. (G) Tensile stroke of the homochiral artificial
muscles with the diameter of 7.0 mm and the twist densities of 1000
turns m-1, 1500 turns m-1, 2000
turns m-1, 2500 turns m-1, and 2650
turns m-1. (H) Tensile stroke of the
heterochiral artificial muscles with the diameter of 8.0 mm and the
twist densities of 1000 turns m-1, 1500 turns
m-1, 2000 turns m-1, 2500 turns
m-1, and 2650 turns m-1.