Figure 3. Phylogenetic relationships among 78 species inHantaviridae , calculated with the software MEGA 11.0, the amino
acid sequences of the viral RdRp gene, the Neighbor-joining method, and
the Poisson model. Bootstrap values were calculated using 1000
replicates.
Reassortment events of NWHVs (e.g., SNV) in rodents in the USA have been
recorded. These events mainly exchange the viral S or M
segments.4,58 ANDV-SNV reassortment events and
HTNV-SEOV reassortment events were experimentally
confirmed.58 19.1% of PUUV genomes obtained from
rodents in 2005–2009 were identified as
reassortants.4
The evolution of hantaviruses was likely driven by host adaptation and
geographical isolation.59 Pathogenic hantaviruses were
isolated from various rodent species. For instance, HTNV has been
isolated from Apodemus agrarius , SEOV from Rattus
norvegicus , PUUV from Myodes glareolus , ANDV fromOligoryzomys longicaudatus , and SNV from Peromyscus
maniculatus . It has been believed for a long time that rodents are the
original hosts of various hantaviruses and that one hantavirus species
circulates largely in one rodent species.2 Although
recent studies suggested that one hantavirus species can circulate in a
few rodent species (Table S1 ), the genera and species ofHantaviridae are largely consistent with their host species, and
orthohantaviruses have evolved into different species in the hosts ofMurinae , Arvicolinae , Neotominae , andSigmodontinae subfamilies.59 Meanwhile, HTNV
and SEOV have formed multiple lineages corresponding to their geographic
distribution.56
Multiple studies have shown that mammalian hantaviruses may originate
from hantaviruses in shrews, bats, or
moles,46 which might come from reptile or fish
hantaviruses.45