Abbreviations
AKT: protein kinase B
APMCG: alkaline protease-assisted extract from mountain-cultivated ginseng
ATF4: activating transcription factor 4
Bax: Bcl2-Associated x
Bcl2: B-cell lymphoma-2
CAE: crude aqueous extract
CAT: catalase
CHOP: C/EBP-homologous protein
CG: cultivated ginseng
CK: creatine kinase
CK-MB: creatine kinase isoenzyme
cTnI: ardiac troponin I
Cleaved-Caspase3: Cleaved-Cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 3
Cleaved-Caspase9: Cleaved-Cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 9
DAPI: 2-(4-Amidinophenyl)-6-indolecarbamidine dihydrochloride
DCFH-DA: dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate
DMEM: Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium
DPPH: 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
ER: endoplasmic reticulum
eIF2α: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2ɑ
FBG: fasting blood glucose
FFA: free fatty acid
GSH-PX: glutathione peroxidase
FITC: fluorescein isothiocyanate
FT-IR: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
GLUT4: glucose transporter type 4
GPC: permeation chromatography
GRP78: glucose-regulated protein 78
HE: hematoxylin-eosin
Hoechst33342: 2’-[4-ethoxyphenyl]-5-[4-methyl-1-piperazinyl]-2,5’-bi-1H-benzimidazole trihydrochloride trihydrate
HPLC: high-performance liquid chromatography
IHC: immunohistochemistry
IL-6: interleukin-6
INS: insulin
IRS1: insulin receptor substrate 1
LDH: lactate dehydrogenase
MCG: mountain cultivated ginseng
MDA: malondialdehyde
MG: muscle glycogen
MTT: 3-(4, 5-dimethythiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide
mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin
O2-: superoxide anion radical
OH-: hydroxyl free radical
PA: palmitic acid
p-AKT: phosphorylation- protein kinase B
PBS: phosphate-buffered saline
p-eIF2α: phosphorylation-eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2ɑ
PERK: protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase
p-PERK: phosphorylation-protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase
PI: propidium iodide
PI3K: phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase
PMP: 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone
RG: red ginseng
ROS: reactive oxygen species
SOD: superoxide dismutase
T-CHO: total-cholesterol
TCM: traditional Chinese medicine
TG: triglyceride
TNF-ɑ: tumor necrosis factor-ɑ
TUNEL: TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling
T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus
UV: ultraviolet