Chemicals
Red ginseng (RG), cultivated ginseng (CG), and MCG were purchased from Fusong County, Jilin Province, China. Glycosylase, cellulase, ɑ-amylase, β-glucanase, viscozyme®L, papain, compound protease, alkaline protease, neutral protease, chymotrypsin, catalase, trypsin, pepsin and dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., LTD. (Shanghai, China). 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide anion radical (O2-), hydroxyl free radical (OH-), creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose, triglyceride (TG), total-cholesterol (T-CHO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-ɑ (TNF-ɑ), interleukin-6 (IL-6), creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB), cardiac troponin I (cTnI), insulin (INS), free fatty acid (FFA) and muscle glycogen (MG) kits were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Technology Co., LTD. (Nanjing, China). 3-(4, 5-dimethythiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), fluo-8AM probe, 2’-[4-ethoxyphenyl]-5-[4-methyl-1-piperazinyl]-2,5’-bi-1H-benzimidazole trihydrochloride trihydrate (Hoechst 33342), propidium iodide (PI) and Rhodamine 123 probe were purchased from Beijing Soleibo Technology Co., LTD. (Beijing, China). AnnexinV-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)/PI probe was purchased from Becton Dickinson (New Jersey, USA). Palmitic acid (PA) was purchased from Sigma (Schnelldorf, Germany). LY294002 was purchased from Med Chem Express (New Jersey, USA). PI3K, AKT, phosphorylation- protein kinase B (p-AKT), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4), Bcl2-Associated x (Bax), B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl2), Cleaved-Cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 3 (Cleaved-Caspase3), Cleaved-Cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 9(Cleaved-Caspase9), glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), phosphorylation-protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (p-PERK), eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2ɑ (eIF2α), phosphorylation-eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2ɑ (p-eIF2α), activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP) were purchased from Jiangsu Qinke Biological Research Center Co., LTD. (Jiangsu, China). TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) was purchased from Roche (Basel, Switzerland). 2-(4-Amidinophenyl)-6-indolecarbamidine dihydrochloride (DAPI) was purchased from Wuhan Borf Biotechnology Co., LTD. (Wuhan, China).