Graphical Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive summary of the historical development of implantable medical electronics (IMEs) and three main categories of applicable alternative minimally invasive power sources. Detailed discussion of energy storage and harvesting mechanism, configurational design, output power and applications in vivo are presented with outlook based on the advances and limitations.
Ming Xu, Yuheng Liu, Kai Yang*, Shaoyin Li, Manman Wang, Jianan Wang, Dong Yang, Maxim Shkunov, S. Ravi P. Silva, Fernando A. Castro and Yunlong Zhao*
Recent Progress in Minimally Invasive Power Sources for Implantable Electronics