Glossary
Allosterically: being a change in the shape and activity of a protein (such as an enzyme) that results from combination with another substance at a point other than the chemically active site
Anti-oxidant: substances that protect the body by neutralizing unstable molecules
Apoptosis: a form of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms
Autophagy response: the natural, conserved degradation of the cell that removes unnecessary or dysfunctional components through a lysosome-dependent regulated mechanism
Autophosphorylation: the phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues
Biogenesis: the synthesis of substances by living organisms
Chaperones: intracellular proteins that assist in the correct folding of other proteins by means of hydrophobic surfaces that recognize and bind to exposed hydrophobic surfaces on misfolded proteins
Endogenous: Originating or produced within an organism, tissue, or cell
Homeostasis: state of steady internal, physical, and chemical conditions maintained by living systems
Isoforms:  is a member of a set of highly similar proteins that originate from a single gene or gene family and are the result of genetic differences
Oligomerization: the process of converting a monomer or a mixture of monomers into an oligomer which  is a molecule that consists of a few repeating units.  
Oxidative stress: an imbalance between the systemic manifestation of reactive oxygen species and a biological system’s ability
Post-translational modifications: the covalent and generally enzymatic modification of proteins following protein biosynthesis
Protozoan: a group of single-celled eukaryotes also known as “one-celled animals” because their animal-like behaviors, such as motility and predation, and lack a cell wall, either free-living or parasitic that feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic tissues and debris
Reactive oxygen species (ROS): chemically reactive chemical species containing oxygen
Transcription factors: a protein that controls the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding to a specific DNA sequence
Translation: the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or endoplasmic reticulum synthesize proteins after the process of transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell’s nucleus
Translocation: the movement of substances from one part to another