Conclusions
The present study successfully draws a whole structure of flowering phenology and dynamics of major flower visitors in the subtropical alpine ecosystem. Because of the high proportion of endemic species and isolated alpine regions, the diversity of alpine vegetation in Taiwan is extremely sensitive to climate change. For instance, several plant species from the lower elevation have been reported to migrate upwards into the alpine regions, which may elevate the risk of extinction of several alpine species (Chou et al., 2011; Kuo et al., 2021). Furthermore, a higher risk of extinction is predicted for cold-adapted bumble bees under global warming in Taiwan (Lu & Huang, 2023). On the other hand, the symbiosis between dipteran insects and wild flowers is expected to be robust under climate change (Iler et al., 2013; Doyle et al., 2020). It implies that species compositions and plant-pollinator networks in the alpine ecosystems will likely be modified differently between bee-pollinated and fly-pollinated plants by climate change.