Flower production
In the permanent plots, flowering of 81 species (62% of all species)
was recorded throughout the survey periods in which 21 species were
categorized as bee-visited type, 53 species were fly-visited type, and 7
species were other type. Both the number of flowering species and
diversity index (H’ ) were small in the early season and large in
the middle season (Table 1). This trend was more apparent in bee-visited
species in which H’ values ranged from 0.3–3.3, while seasonal
changes in fly-visited species were moderate in which H’ values
ranged from 2.3–3.4. The NMDS result conducted for all species showed
that variation in floral compositions across the survey periods was
largely explained by seasonal difference (effect size,R 2 = 0.75), while yearly variation was
negligibly small (Fig. S2). Similar trends were detected when NMDS was
performed for bee-visited species and fly-visited species separately,
although the effect size of bee-visited species
(R 2 = 0.86) was larger than that of fly-visited
species (R 2 = 0.68). These results indicate
that seasonal progress and species transition of flowering plants are
more apparent in bee-visited plants than in fly-visited plants.
The number of flowers per plot highly varied among plots across seasons
in both bee-visited and fly-visited species (Fig. 3). The GLMM result
showed that flower production in the early season was significantly
smaller than that of the middle and late seasons (Table 2). Significant
negative interactions were detected between fly-visited species and
season, suggesting that the seasonal changes in flower production were
moderate in fly-visited species compared to bee-visited species (Fig.
3).