The values were presented as the mean ± standard deviation in triplicate. R: roasting; S: steaming.
The different superscript letter of values in same column suggested significantly different (P < 0.05) according to Tukey’s test.
Tonset: Onset temperature; Tpeak: peak temperature; Tend: conclusion temperature; ΔT: Tend − Tonset; ΔH: enthalpy; R: roasting; S: steaming.
Table 4
Functional properties of untreated and heated walnut kernel flours (n = 3).