3.3 Pleiotropy and Sensitivity Analysis
Heterogeneity was observed among the IVs of ASM on severe COVID-19 (Q = 709.239, P  = 0.005), IVs of LH on COVID-19 infection (Q = 186.904, P  = 0.019), IVs of COVID-19 infection on WP (Q = 13.297, P  = 0.039), IVs of COVID-19 hospitalization on LH (Q = 10.107, P  = 0.039), IVs of COVID-19 hospitalization on WP (Q = 13.953, P  = 0.007), IVs of severe COVID-19 on ASM (Q = 14.177, P = 0.015), and IVs of severe COVID-19 on WP (Q = 13.665,P  = 0.034). SNPs with horizontal pleiotropy were defined as outliers with the MR-PRESSO global test, of which SupplementaryTables S2-S9 were displayed. Then, after outliers were removed, the MR-Egger regression and MR-PRESSO global test revealed that the horizontal pleiotropy between IVs of sarcopenia and COVID-19 were eliminated. And leave-one-out analysis indicated that the outcomes were not caused by any SNPs. The results of the pleiotropic and sensitivity analysis were shown in Supplementary Tables S10-S17 .