Reference:
1. Zoghbi W A. Patent foramen ovale: Going beyond the bubbles. JACC:
Cardiovascular Imaging 2014; 7: 251-253.
2. Hagen PT, Scholz DG, Edwards WD. Incidence and size of patent foramen
ovale during the first 10 decades of life: an autopsy study of 965
normal hearts. Mayo Clin Proc 1984; 59: 17–20.
3. Ailani J. Migraine and patent foramen ovale. Current neurology and
neuroscience reports 2014; 14: 1-5.
4. Kutty S, Sengupta P P, Khandheria B K. Patent foramen ovale: the
known and the to be known. Journal of the American college of cardiology
2012; 59: 1665-1671.
5. Lechat P H, Mas J L, Lascault G, et al. Prevalence of patent foramen
ovale in patients with stroke. New England Journal of Medicine 1988;
318: 1148-1152.
6. Mojadidi M K, Gevorgyan R, Tobis J M. A comparison of methods to
detect and quantitate PFO: TCD, TTE, ICE and TEE. Patent foramen ovale
2015; 55-65.
7. Daniel W G, Mügge A. Transesophageal echocardiography. New England
Journal of Medicine 1995; 332: 1268-12100.
8. Marriott K, Manins V, Forshaw A, et al. Detection of right-to-left
atrial communication using agitated saline contrast imaging: experience
with 1162 patients and recommendations for echocardiography. Journal of
the American Society of Echocardiography 2013; 26: 96-102.
9. Mojadidi M K, Winoker J S, Roberts S C, et al. Accuracy of
conventional transthoracic echocardiography for the diagnosis of
intracardiac right-to-left shunt: a meta-analysis of prospective
studies. Echocardiography 2014; 31: 1036-1048.
10. Spencer M P, Moehring M A, Jesurum J, et al. Power m‐mode
transcranial Doppler for diagnosis of patent foramen ovale and assessing
transcatheter closure. Journal of Neuroimaging 2004; 14: 342-349.
11. Fu J, Hui P, Ding Y, et al. Feasibility of evaluating right-to-left
shunt by contrast-enhanced transcranial Doppler. Chinese Journal of
Medical Ultrasound (Electronic Edition) 2020; 17: 255
12. Webb G, Gatzoulis M A. Atrial septal defects in the adult: recent
progress and overview. Circulation 2006; 114: 1645-1653.
13. Ziskin MC, Bonakdarpour A, Weinstein DP, Lynch PR. Contrast agents
for diagnostic ultrasound. Invest Radiol 1972; 7: 500-5.
14. Waggoner AD, Barzilai B, Perez JE. Saline contrast enhancement of
tricuspid regurgitant jets detected by Doppler color flow imaging. Am J
Cardiol 1990; 65: 1368-71.
15. Woods TD, Patel A. A critical review of patent foramen ovale
detection using saline contrast echocardiography: when bubbles lie. J Am
Soc Echocardiogr 2006; 19: 215-22.
16. Lange MC, Zetola VF, Piovesan EJ, et al. Saline versus saline
with blood as a contrast agent for rightto-left shunt diagnosis by
transcranial Doppler: Is there a significant difference? Journal of
Neuroimaging 2012; 22: 17-20.
17. Khan K A, Yeung M, Shuaib A. Comparative study of 18 gauge and 20
gauge intravenous catheters
during transcranial Doppler ultrasonography with saline solution
contrast. Journal of ultrasound in medicine,1997; 16: 341-344.
18. Droste DW, Kriete JU, Stypmann J, et al. Contrast transcranial
Doppler ultrasound in the detection of right-to-left shunts: Comparison
of different procedures and different contrast agents. Stroke,1999,
30: 1827-1832
19. Jangjou A, Meisami A H, Jamali K, et al. The promising shadow of
microbubble over medical sciences: from fighting wide scope of
prevalence disease to cancer eradication. Journal of Biomedical Science
2021; 28: 1-24.
20. Kabalnov A, Klein D, Pelura T, et al. Dissolution of multicomponent
microbubbles in the bloodstream: 1. Theory. Ultrasound in medicine &
biology 1998; 24: 739-749.
21. Samiotaki G, Vlachos F, Tung Y S, et al. A quantitative pressure and
microbubble‐size dependence study of focused ultrasound-induced
blood-brain barrier opening reversibility in vivo using MRI. Magnetic
resonance in medicine 2012; 67: 769-777.
22. Nedeltchev K, Mattle H P. Contrast-enhanced transcranial Doppler
ultrasound for diagnosis of patent foramen ovale. Handbook on
neurovascular ultrasound 2006; 21: 206-215.
23. Wang Y, Zeng J, Yin L, et al. Modified Right Heart Contrast
Echocardiography Versus Traditional Method in Diagnosis of Right-to-Left
Shunt: A Comparative Study. Polish Journal of Radiology 2016; 81: 428.
24. Devore J L. Probability and Statistics for Engineering and the
Sciences. Cengage learning 2011.