REFERENCES
Ackerman, J.T., Eadie, J.M., Yarris, G.S., Loughman, D.L., & McLandress, M.R. (2003). Cues for investment: nest desertion in response to partial clutch depredation in dabbling ducks. Animal Behaviour, 66: 871–883 DOI: 10.1006/anbe.2003.2283.
Andrén, H. (1992). Corvid density and nest predation in relation to forest fragmentation: A landscape perspective. Ecology , 73, 794–804. DOI: 10.2307/1940158.
Andrén, H. (1995). Effects of landscape composition on predation rates at habitat edges. In L. Hansson, L. Fahrig, and G. Merriam (Eds.)Mosaic landscapes and ecological processes (pp. 225–255). Dordrecht: Springer, Chapman and Hall.
Anthony, R.M., Grand, J.B., Fondell, T.F., & Miller, D.A. (2006). Techniques for identifying predators of goose nests. Wildlife biology, 12, 249–256. DOI: 10.2981/0909-6396(2006)12[249:TFIPOG]2.0.CO;2
Bonesi, L., & Palazon, S. (2007). The American mink in Europe: Status, impacts, and control. Biological Conservation, 134, 470–483. DOI:10.1016/j.biocon.2006.09.006
Brides, K., Wood, K. ., Hearn, R.D., & Fijen, T.P. M. (2017). Changes in the sex ratio of the Common Pochard Aythya ferina in Europe and North Africa. Wildfowl , 67, 100–112.
Brooks, M. E., Kristensen, K., van Benthem, K.J., Magnusson, A., Berg, C. W., Nielsen, … Bolker, B. M. (2017). glmmTMB balances speed and flexibility among packages for zero-inflated generalized linear mixed modeling. The R Journal , 9, 378–400. DOI: 10.3929/ethz-b-000240890
Burnham, K.P., & Anderson, D.R. (2002). Model selection and multimodel inference. A practical information-theoretic approach (2nd ed.). New York: Springer.
Butler, M.A., & Rotella, J. J. (1998). Validity of using artificial nests to assess duck-nest success. The Journal of Wildlife Management , 62, 163–171. DOI: 10.2307/3802274
Čehovská, M., Kattainen, S., Väänänen, V.-M., Putaala, A., & Nummi, P. (2022). Compensating freshwater habitat loss—duck productivity and food resources in man-made wetlands. European Journal of Wildlife Research68 , 35. DOI: 10.1007/s10344-022-01577-8.
Colburn, E.A. (2004). Vernal Pools. Natural history and conservation. Blacksburg, Virginia: The McDonald and Woodward Publishing Company.
Bell, M.E., & Conover, M.R. (2023). Predator and duck behaviours at depredated nests in wetlands of Great Salt Lake, Utah. Behaviour160: 463–487. DOI: 10.1163/1568539X-bja10217
Dahl, F., & Åhlén, P.A. (2018). Nest predation by raccoon dogNyctereutes procyonoides in the archipelago of northern Sweden.Biological Invasions , 1–13. DOI: 10.1007/s10530-018-1855-4.
Danell, K., & Sjöberg, K. (1977). Seasonal emergence of chironomids in relation to egglaying and hatching of ducks in a restored lake (northern Sweden). Wildfowl , 28, 129–135.
Danell, K., & Sjöberg, K. (1982). Successional patterns of plants, invertebrates and ducks in a man-made lake. Journal of Applied Ecology . 14, 395–409. DOI: 10.2307/2403475
Davidson, N.C. (2014). How much wetland has the world lost? Long-term and recent trends in global wetland area. Marine and Freshwater Research , 65, 934–941. DOI: 10.1071/MF14173
Drever, M.C. Wins-Purdy, A., Nudds, T.D. & Clark, R.G. (2004). Decline of duck nest success revisited: relationships with predators and wetlands in dynamic prairie environments. The Auk, 121:497-508.
Eglington, S. M., Gill, J. A., Bolton, M., Smart, M. A., Sutherland, W. J., & Watkinson, A. R. (2008). Restoration of wet features for breeding waders on lowland grassland. Journal of Applied Ecology , 45, 305–314. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01405.x
Eglington, S.M., Bolton, M., Smart, M.A., Sutherland, W.J., & Watkinson, A.R. (2010). Managing water levels on wet grasslands to improve foraging conditions for breeding northern lapwing Vanellus vanellus . Journal of Applied Ecology , 47, 451–458. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01783.x
Elmberg, J., Nummi, P., Pöysä, H., & Sjöberg, K. (1992). Do intruding predators and trap position affect the reliability of catches in activity traps? Hydrobiologia , 239, 187–193. DOI: 10.1007/BF00007676
Fox, A.D., Jørgensen, H. E., Jeppesen, E., Lauridsen, T.L., Søndergaard, M., Fugl, K., Myssen, P., Balsby, T.J.S. & Clausen, P. (2020). Relationships between breeding waterbird abundance, diversity, and clear water status after the restoration of two shallow nutrient-rich Danish lakes. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems . 30, 237–245. DOI:10.1002/aqc.3260
Garrettson, P.R., & Rohwer, F.C. (2001). Effects of mammalian predator removal on production of upland-nesting ducks in North Dakota. The Journal of Wildlife Management , 65, 398–405. DOI: 10.2307/3803091
Gibbs, J.P. (2000). Wetland loss and biodiversity conservation.Conservation Biology , 14, 314–317. DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98608.x
Guillemain, M., Pöysä, H., Fox, A.D., Arzel, C., Dessborn, L., Ekroos, J., Gunnarsson, G., Holm, T.E., Christensen, T.K., Lehikoinen, A., Mitchell, C., Rintala, J.A., & Møller, A.P. (2013). Effects of climate change on European ducks: What do we know and what do we need to know?Wildlife Biology , 19, 404–419. DOI: 10.2981/12-118
Gunnarsson, G., & Elmberg, J. (2008). Density-dependent nest predation – an experiment with simulated Mallard nests in contrasting landscapes.Ibis . 150, 259–269. DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2007.00772.x
Gunnarsson, G., Elmberg, J., Sjöberg, K., Pöysä, H., & Nummi, P. (2004). Why are there so many empty lakes? Food limits survival of mallard ducklings. Canadian Journal of Zoology , 82, 1698–1703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/Z04-153
Halley, D.J., Saveljev, A.P. & Rosell, F. (2021). Population and distribution of beavers Castor fiber and Castor canadensisin Eurasia. Mammalian Review, 51: 1-24. DOI: 10.1111/mam.12216.
Holopainen, S., Arzel, C., Dessborn, L., Elmberg, J., Gunnarsson, G., Nummi, P., Pöysä, H., & Sjöberg, K. (2015). Habitat use in ducks breeding in boreal freshwater wetlands: A review. European Journal of Wildlife Research , 61, 339–363. DOI: 10.1007/s10344-015-0921-9
Holopainen, S. & Lehikoinen, A. (2021). Role of forest ditching and agriculture on water quality: Connecting the long-term physico-chemical subsurface state of lakes with landscape and habitat structure information. Science of The Total Environment, 806, 4, 151477. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151477
Holopainen, S., Nummi, P., & Pöysä, H. (2014). Breeding in the stable boreal landscape: Lake habitat variability drives brood production in the teal (Anas crecca ). Freshwater Biology , 59, 2621–2631. DOI: 10.1111/fwb.12458
Holopainen, S., Väänänen, V.-M., & Fox, A.D. (2020a) Landscape and habitat affect frequency of artificial duck nest predation by native species, but not by an alien predator. Basic and Applied Ecology,48, 52–60. DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2020.07.004
Holopainen, S., Väänänen, V.-M., & Fox, A.D. (2020b). Artificial nest experiment reveals inter-guild facilitation in duck nest predation.Global Ecology and Conservation, e01305. DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01305
Holopainen, S., Väänänen, V-M., Vehkaoja, M., & Fox, A.D. (2021). Do alien predators pose a particular risk to duck nests in Northern Europe? Results from an artificial nest experiment. Biological Invasions,23, 3795–3807. DOI: 10.1007/s10530-021-02608-2.
Hood, G. A., & Bayley, S. E. (2008). Beaver (Castor canadensis ) mitigate the effects of climate on the area of open water in boreal wetlands in western Canada. Biological Conservation , 141, 556–567. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2007.12.003
Hu, S., Niu, Z., Chen, Y., Li, L., & Zhang, H. (2017). Global wetlands: Potential distribution, wetland loss, and status. Science of the Total Environment , 586, 319–327.
Jaatinen, K., Hermansson, I., Mohring, B., Steele, B.B., & Öst, M. (2022). Mitigating impacts of invasive alien predators on an endangered sea duck amidst high native predation pressure. Oecologia , 198, 543–552. DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-05101-8.
Johnson, D.H., Sargeant, A.B., & Greenwood, R.J. (1989). Importance of individual species of predators on nesting success of ducks in the Canadian Prairie Pothole Region. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 67, 291–297. DOI: 10.1139/z89-043
Kauhala, K. (2004). Removal of medium-sized predators and the breeding success of ducks in Finland. Folia Zoologica . 53, 367–378.
Kauhala, K., & Auniola, M. (2001). Diet of raccoon dogs in summer in the Finnish archipelago. Ecography , 24, 151–156. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0587.2001.240205.x
Kauhala, K., & Kowalczyk, R. (2011). Invasion of the raccoon dogNyctereutes procyonoides in Europe: History of colonization, features behind its success, and threats to native fauna. Current Zoology , 57, 584–598. DOI: 10.1093/czoolo/57.5.584
Kauppinen, J., & Väisänen, R. (1993). Ordination and lake classification of waterfowl communities in south boreal lakes. Finnish Game Research 48, 3–23.
Kingsford, R.T., Basset. A., & Jackson, L. (2016). Wetlands: Conservation’s poor cousins. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems , 26: 892–916. DOI: 10.1002/aqc.2709
Koskimies, P., & Väisänen, R. A. (Eds.) (1991). Monitoring bird populations: A manual of methods applied in Finland. Helsinki: Zoological Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki.
Kubelka, V., Šálek, M., Tomkovich, P., Végvári, Z., Freckleton, R. P., & Székely, T. (2018). Global pattern of nest predation is disrupted by climate change in shorebirds. Science , 362, 680-683. DOI: 10.1126/science.aat8695.
Kuusisto, E., Bäck, S., Vuoristo, H., Mannio, J., & Lappalainen, I. (1998). Vesiluonto osana ihmisen taloutta (In Finnish: Aquatic nature as part of human economy). In: I. Lappalainen (Ed.), Suomen luonnon monimuotoisuus . Helsinki: Oy Edita Ab.
Larivière, S. (1999). Reasons why predators cannot be inferred from nest remains. The Condor , 101, 718–721. DOI: 10.2307/1370209
Lammi et al. (2018). Sisävedet ja rannat (Inland waters and shores). In Kontula & Raunio (eds) Suomen luontotyyppien uhanalaisuus 2018 Luontotyyppien punainen kirja. Osa 1 – tulokset ja arvioinnin perusteet (Threatened habitat types in Finland 2018. Red List of habitats. Part I: Results and basis for assessment) (In Finnish)
Larmola, T., Alm, J., Juutinen, S., Saarnio, S., Martikainen, P. J., & Silvola, J. (2004). Floods can cause large interannual differences in littoral net ecosystem productivity. Limnology and Oceanography , 49, 1896–1906. DOI: 10.4319/lo.2004.49.5.1896
Lehikoinen, A., Jukarainen, A., Mikkola-Roos, M., Below, A., Lehtiniemi, T., Pessa, J., … Liukko, U.-M. (Eds.) (2019). Suomen lajien uhanalaisuus - Punainen kirja 2019 (In Finnish with English summary: The 2019 Red List of Finnish Species). Helsinki: Ympäristöministeriö, Suomen ympäristökeskus.
Lehikoinen, A., Rintala, J., Lammi, E., & Pöysä, H. (2016). Habitat-specific population trajectories in boreal waterbirds: Alarming trends and bioindicators for wetlands. Animal Conservation , 19, 88–95. DOI: 10.1111/acv.12226
Leivo, M., Asanti, T., Koskimies, P., Lammi, E., Lampolahti, J., Mikkola-Roos, M., & Virolainen, E. (2002). Suomen tärkeät lintualueet FINIBA (In Finnish: Imprtant bird areas of Finland FINIBA). BirdLife Suomen julkaisuja nro 4. Kuopio: Suomen graafiset palvelut.
Lindén, H., Hario, M., & Wikman, M. (1996). Riistan jäljille. (In Finnish with English summary: Follow the game). Helsinki: Riista- ja kalatalouden tutkimuslaitos, Edita.
Ma, Z., Cai, Y., Li, B., & Jiakuan, C. (2010). Managing wetland habitats for waterbirds: An international perspective. Wetlands , 30, 15–27. DOI: 10.1007/s13157-009-0001-6
McMenamin, S.K., Hadly, E.A., & Wright, C.K. (2008). Climatic change and wetland desiccation cause amphibian decline in Yellowstone National Park. PNAS. 105, 16988–16993. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0809090105
Nams, V.O. (1997). Density-dependent predation by skunks using olfactory search images. Oecologia , 110, 440–448. DOI: 10.1007/s004420050179
Nummi, P., & Hahtola, A. (2008). The beaver as an ecosystem engineer facilitates teal breeding. Ecography , 31, 519–524. DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-7590.2008.05477.x
Nummi, P., & Holopainen, S. (2014). Whole‐community facilitation by beaver: Ecosystem engineer increases waterbird diversity. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems . 24, 623–633. DOI: 10.1002/aqc.2437
Nummi, P., & Holopainen, S. (2020). Restoring wetland biodiversity using research: Whole‐community facilitation by beaver as framework. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems , 30, 1798–1802. DOI: 10.1002/aqc.3341
Nummi, P., Liao, W., Huet, O., Scarpulla, E., & Sundell, J. (2019b). The beaver facilitates species richness and abundance of terrestrial and semi-aquatic mammals. Global Ecology and Conservation , 20, e00701. DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00701
Nummi, P., Paasivaara, A., Suhonen, S. & Pöysä, H. (2013). Wetland use by brood-rearing female ducks in a boreal forest landscape: The importance of food and habitat. Ibis 155, 68-79.
Nummi P., & Pöysä H. (1997). Population and community level responses in Anas-species to patch disturbance caused by an ecosystem engineer, the beaver. Ecography , 20, 580–584. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0587.1997.tb00426.x
Nummi, P., Suontakanen, E.-M., Holopainen S., & Väänänen, V.-M. (2019c). The effect of beaver facilitation on Common Teal: Pairs and broods respond differently at the patch and landscape scales.Ibis , 161, 301–309. DOI: 10.1111/ibi.12626
Nummi, P., & Väänänen, V-M. (2001). High overlap in diets of sympatric dabbling ducks – an effect of food abundance? Annales Zooligici Fennici 38, 123–130.
Nummi, P., Väänänen, V.-M., Holopainen S., & Pöysä H. (2016). Duck–fish competition in boreal lakes – a review. Ornis Fennica , 93, 67–76.
Nummi, P., Väänänen, V-M., Pekkarinen, A-J., Eronen, V., Mikkola-Roos, M., Nurmi, J., Rautiainen, A., & Rusanen, P. (2019a). Alien predation in wetlands – Raccoon Dog and waterbird breeding success. Baltic Forestry, 25, 228–237.
Opermanis, O., Mednis, A., & Bauga, I. (2001). Duck nests and predators: Interaction, specialisation and possible management.Wildlife Biology , 7, 87–96.
Pärt, T., & Wretenberg, J. (2002). Do artificial nests reveal relative nest predation risk for real nests? Journal of Avian Biology , 33, 39–46. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-048X.2002.330107.x
Pasitschniak-Arts, M., Clark, R. G. & Messier, F. (1998). Duck nesting success in a fragmented prairie landscape: Is edge effect important?Biological Conservation , 85, 55–62. DOI: 10.1016/S0006-3207(97)00143-2
Pasitschniak-Arts, M., & Messier, F. (1995). Risk of predation on waterfowl nests in the Canadian prairies: Effects of habitat edges and agricultural practices. Oikos , 73, 347–355. DOI: 10.2307/3545958
Phillips, M. L., Clark, W.R., Nusser, S. M., Sovada, M.A. & Greenwood, R.J. (2004). Analysis of predator movement in prairie landscapes with contrasting grassland composition. Journal of Mammalogy , 85, 187–195. DOI: 10.1644/15451542(2004)085<0187:AOPMIP>2.0.CO;2
Pinheiro, J., Bates, D., DebRoy, S., Sarkar, D., & R Core Team (2018). nlme: Linear and Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models. R package version 3.1-137, https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=nlme.
Pirkola, M.K., & Högmander J. (1974). Sorsapoikueiden iänmääritys (In Finnish, English summary: The age determination of duck broods in the field). Suomen Riista , 25, 50–55.
Pöysä, H. (1996). Population estimates and the timing of waterfowl censuses. Ornis Fennica , 73, 60–68.
Pöysä, H. (2019). Tracking ice phenology by migratory waterbirds: settling phenology and breeding success of species with divergent population trends. Journal of Avian Biology , e02327. DOI: 10.111/jav.02327
Pöysä, H., Lammi, E., Pöysä, S., & Väänänen, V.-M. (2019). Collapse of a protector species drives secondary endangerment in waterbird communities. Biological Conservation , 230, 75–81. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2018.12.016
Pöysä, H., & Linkola, P. (2021). Extending temporal baseline increases understanding of biodiversity change in European boreal waterbird communities. Biological Conservation, 257, 109139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109139
Pöysä, H., Milonoff, M., & Virtanen, J. (1997). Nest predation in hole-nesting birds in relation to habitat edge: An experiment.Ecography , 20, 329-335. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0587.1997.tb00377.x
Pöysä, H., & Paasivaara, A. (2006). Movements and mortality of common goldeneye Bucephala clangula broods in a patchy environment.Oikos , 115, 33–42. DOI: 10.1111/j.2006.0030-1299.15036.x
Pöysä, H., Rintala, J., Lehikoinen, A., & Väisänen, R.A. (2013). The importance of hunting pressure, habitat preference and life history for population trends of breeding waterbirds in Finland. European Journal of Wildlife Research , 59, 245–256. DOI: 10.1007/s10344-012-0673-8
QGIS Development Team (2017). QGIS Geographic Information System. Open Source Geospatial Foundation Project. URL http://qgis.osgeo.org.
R Core Team (2017). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/.
Ramsar Convention Secretariat (2010). Wise use of wetlands: Concepts and approaches for the wise use of wetlands. Ramsar handbooks for the wise use of wetlands (4th ed.), vol. 1. Gland: Ramsar Convention Secretariat.
Richardson, T.W., Gardali, T., & Jenkins, S.H. (2009). Review and meta‐analysis of camera effects on avian nest success. The Journal ofWildlife Management , 73, 287–293. DOI: 10.2193/2007-566
Ringelman, K.M., Walker, J., Ringelman, J.K., & Stephens S.E. (2018). Temporal and multi-spatial environmental drivers of duck nest survival.The Auk , 135, 486-494. DOI: 10.1642/AUK-17-207.1.
Roos, S. (2002). Functional response, seasonal decline and landscape differences in nest predation risk. Oecologia , 133, 608–615. DOI: 10.1007/s00442-002-1056-8.
Roos, S., Smart, J., Gibbons, D.W., & Wilson, J.D. (2018). A review of predation as a limiting factor for bird populations in mesopredator-rich landscapes: A case study of the UK. Biological reviews , 93, 1915–1937. DOI: 10.1111/brv.12426.
Shaffer, T.L. (2004). A unified approach to analyzing nest success.The Auk , 121, 526–540. DOI: 10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[0526:AUATAN]2.0.CO;2
Sidorovich, V.E., Solovej, I.A., Sidorovich, A.A., & Dyman A.A. (2008). Seasonal and annual variation in the diet of the raccoon dogNyctereutes procyonoides in northern Belarus: The role of habitat type and family group. Acta Theriologica , 53, 27–38. DOI: 10.1007/BF03194276
Sievers, M., Hale, R., Parris, K.M., & Swearer, S.E. (2018). Impacts of human-induced environmental change in wetlands on aquatic animals.Biological Reviews , 93, 529–554. DOI: 10.1111/brv.12358
Sjöberg, K., Pöysä, H., Elmberg, J., & Nummi, P. (2000). Response of Mallard ducklings to variation in habitat quality: An experiment of food limitation. Ecology , 81, 329–335. DOI: 10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[0329:ROMDTV]2.0.CO;2
Stephens, S.E., Rotella, J.J., Lindberg, M.S., Taper, M.L., & Ringelman, J.K. (2005). Duck nest survival in the Missouri Coteau of North Dakota: Landscape effects at multiple spatial scales.Ecological Applications , 15, 2137–2149. DOI: 10.1890/04-1162
Uusihakala, L. (2021). Metson haasteet Nuuksiossa –maiseman vaikutus pesäpredaatioon ja supikoiraan pesäsaalistajana (The challenges of the capercaillie in the Nuuksio national park – the effect of landscape on the nest predation and the raccoon dog). Master Thesis, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Biologicl and Environmental Sciences. In Finnish. Available at https://ethesis.helsinki.fi/repository/handle/123456789/35316
Väänänen, V.-M., Pöysä, H., & Runko, P. (2016). Nest and brood stage association between duck and small colonial gulls in boreal wetlands.Ornis Fennica , 93, 47–54.
Valkama, J., Vepsäläinen, V., & Lehikoinen, A. (2011). Suomen III Lintuatlas (In Finnish: Third bird atlas of Finland). Luonnontieteellinen keskusmuseo, ympäristöministeriö. <http://atlas3.lintuatlas.fi> ISBN 978-952-10-6918-5. (In Finnish)
Veijalainen, N., Lotsari, E., Alho, P., Vehviläinen, B., & Käyhkö, J. (2010). National scale assessment of climate change impacts on flooding in Finland. Journal of Hydrology , 391, 333–350. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.07.035
Whelan, C. J., Dilger, M. L., Robson, D. Hallyn, N. & Dilger, S. (1994). Effects of olfactory cues on artificial-nest experiments.Auk , 111: 945–952.
Wiens, J. A. (1976). Population responses to patchy environments.Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , 7, 81–120.
Wilson, G. R., & Brittingham, M. C. (1998). How well do artificial nests estimate success of real nests? Condor , 100, 357–364. DOI: 10.2307/1370277
Zuur A.F., Ieno E.N., & Elphick, C.S. (2010). A protocol for data exploration to avoid common statistical problems. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 1, 3–14. DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-210X.2009.00001.x
TABLE 1 Model estimate for the daily survival rate of artificial nests on shoreline and forest. DATE = exposure day (1…7), HABITAT = Forest (categorical factor, shoreline represented by intercept), FIELD = field percentage within 1 000 m buffer zone around the wetland. Random effect standard deviation for WETLAND_ID = 0.69.