ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We wish to thank all the landowners for the cooperation. The grants from Maj and Tor Nessling Foundation and Haavikko-foundation for SH, Kuopion Luonnonystävät for V-MV and Suomen Riistanhoito-Säätiö and Lammi Biological Station for EM are highly appreciated. We also wish to thank Anthony Fox for constructive comments and all the field assistants.