References:
- Klein MR. Infections of the Oropharynx. Emerg Med Clin North
Am. 2019 Feb;37(1):69-80. doi: 10.1016/j.emc.2018.09.002. PMID:
30454781.
- Tovar Padua, LJ and Cherry JD. Croup (laryngitis,
laryngotracheitis, spasmodic croup, laryngotracheobronchitis,
bacterial tracheitis, and laryngotracheobronchopneumonitis) and
epiglottitis (supraglottitis). In: Feigin and Cherry’s Textbook of
Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 8th edition, Cherry JD, Harrison GJ,
Kaplan SL, Steinbach WJ, Hotez PJ (Eds), Elsevier, Philadelphia 2019.
Vol 1, p.175.
- Glomb NWS and Cruz AT. Infectious disease emergencies. In:
Fleisher and Ludwig’s Textbook of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, 7th
ed, Shaw KN, Bachur RG (Eds), Wolters Kluwer, Philadelphia 2016.
- Sato S, Kuratomi Y, Inokuchi A. Pathological characteristics
of the epiglottis relevant to acute epiglottitis. Auris Nasus Larynx.
2012 Oct;39(5):507-11. doi: 10.1016/j.anl.2011.10.015. Epub 2011 Nov
22. PMID: 22113103.
- Morton E, Prahlow JA. Death related to epiglottitis. Forensic
Sci Med Pathol. 2020 Mar;16(1):177-179. doi:
10.1007/s12024-019-00142-1. Epub 2019 Jul 29. PMID: 31359308.
- Shah RK, Roberson DW, Jones DT. Epiglottitis in the Hemophilus
influenzae type B vaccine era: changing trends. Laryngoscope. 2004
Mar;114(3):557-60. doi: 10.1097/00005537-200403000-00031. PMID:
15091234.
- Tanner K, Fitzsimmons G, Carrol ED, Flood TJ, Clark JE.
Haemophilus influenzae type b epiglottitis as a cause of acute upper
airways obstruction in children. BMJ. 2002 Nov 9;325(7372):1099-100.
doi: 10.1136/bmj.325.7372.1099. PMID: 12424174; PMCID: PMC1124584.
- González Valdepeña H, Wald ER, Rose E, Ungkanont K,
Casselbrant ML. Epiglottitis and Haemophilus influenzae immunization:
the Pittsburgh experience–a five-year review. Pediatrics. 1995
Sep;96(3 Pt 1):424-7. PMID: 7651772.
- Solomon P, Weisbrod M, Irish JC, Gullane PJ. Adult
epiglottitis: the Toronto Hospital experience. J Otolaryngol. 1998
Dec;27(6):332-6. PMID: 9857318.
- Briem B, Thorvardsson O, Petersen H. Acute epiglottitis in
Iceland 1983-2005. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2009 Feb;36(1):46-52. doi:
10.1016/j.anl.2008.03.012. Epub 2008 May 23. PMID: 18502071.
- Guldfred LA, Lyhne D, Becker BC. Acute epiglottitis:
epidemiology, clinical presentation, management and outcome. J
Laryngol Otol. 2008 Aug;122(8):818-23. doi: 10.1017/S0022215107000473.
Epub 2007 Sep 25. PMID: 17892608.
- Hanna J, Brauer PR, Berson E, Mehra S. Adult epiglottitis:
Trends and predictors of mortality in over 30 thousand cases from 2007
to 2014. Laryngoscope. 2019 May;129(5):1107-1112. doi:
10.1002/lary.27741. Epub 2018 Dec 24. PMID: 30582183.
- Shah RK, Stocks C. Epiglottitis in the United States: national
trends, variances, prognosis, and management. Laryngoscope. 2010
Jun;120(6):1256-62. doi: 10.1002/lary.20921. PMID: 20513048.
- Glynn F, Fenton JE. Diagnosis and management of supraglottitis
(epiglottitis). Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2008 May;10(3):200-4. doi:
10.1007/s11908-008-0033-8. PMID: 18510881.
- Mayo-Smith MF, Spinale JW, Donskey CJ, Yukawa M, Li RH,
Schiffman FJ. Acute epiglottitis. An 18-year experience in Rhode
Island. Chest. 1995 Dec;108(6):1640-7. doi: 10.1378/chest.108.6.1640.
PMID: 7497775.
- Ng HL, Sin LM, Li MF, Que TL, Anandaciva S. Acute epiglottitis
in adults: a retrospective review of 106 patients in Hong Kong. Emerg
Med J. 2008 May;25(5):253-5. doi: 10.1136/emj.2007.050153. PMID:
18434453.
- Chang YL, Lo SH, Wang PC, Shu YH. Adult acute epiglottitis:
experiences in a Taiwanese setting. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005
May;132(5):689-93. doi: 10.1016/j.otohns.2005.01.011. PMID: 15886619.
- Wolf M, Strauss B, Kronenberg J, Leventon G. Conservative
management of adult epiglottitis. Laryngoscope. 1990 Feb;100(2 Pt
1):183-5. doi: 10.1288/00005537-199002000-00014. PMID: 2299960.
- Stroud RH, Friedman NR. An update on inflammatory disorders of
the pediatric airway: epiglottitis, croup, and tracheitis. Am J
Otolaryngol. 2001 Jul-Aug;22(4):268-75. doi: 10.1053/ajot.2001.24825.
PMID: 11464324.
- BERENBERG W, KEVY S. Acute epiglottitis in childhood; a
serious emergency, readily recognized at the bedside. N Engl J Med.
1958 May 1;258(18):870-4. doi: 10.1056/NEJM195805012581802. PMID:
13541676.
- Battaglia JD, Lockhart CH. Management of acute epiglottitis by
nasotracheal intubation. Am J Dis Child. 1975 Mar;129(3):334-6. doi:
10.1001/archpedi.1975.02120400042009. PMID: 1092153.
- Oropharyngeal examination for suspected epiglottitis. Am J Dis
Child. 1988 Dec;142(12):1261-7. PMID: 3195518.
- Ducic Y, Hébert PC, MacLachlan L, Neufeld K, Lamothe A.
Description and evaluation of the vallecula sign: a new radiologic
sign in the diagnosis of adult epiglottitis. Ann Emerg Med. 1997
Jul;30(1):1-6. doi: 10.1016/s0196-0644(97)70102-1. PMID: 9209217.
- Sobol SE, Zapata S. Epiglottitis and croup. Otolaryngol Clin
North Am. 2008 Jun;41(3):551-66, ix. doi: 10.1016/j.otc.2008.01.012.
PMID: 18435998.
- Andreassen UK, Baer S, Nielsen TG, Dahm SL, Arndal H. Acute
epiglottitis–25 years experience with nasotracheal intubation,
current management policy and future trends. J Laryngol Otol. 1992
Dec;106(12):1072-5. doi: 10.1017/s0022215100121784. PMID: 1487663.