Acknowledgements
We thank Kazuhito Kita and Nobuhiro Akashi (Hokkaido Research Organization) for their help to investigate the inland and coastal sites; Atsushi Nakanishi and Keiko Kitamura (Forest Research and Management Organization) for their cooperation of the investigation; Akiko Takazawa and Yasuyuki Komatsu for their assistance in the laboratory work; Mineaki Aizawa (Utsunomiya University), and Ichiro Tamaki (Gifu Prefectural Research Institute for Forests) for their suggestions for improving the manuscript.