Abstract
The abstract should summarize the main points and reflect the content of an article. It should be written in a clear and simple way and unstructured set in one paragraph. Abbreviations used in the main text may be introduced and used. Do not use bibliographic references nor references to figures or tables.
For the accepted length (word count) or journal-specific variations, consult the specific Author Guidelines.
Introduction
The Introduction should provide a summary of the background to the relevant field of research and the specific problems addressed and should state the hypotheses being explored as well as the main goal(s) of the study. Conclusions or findings should not appear in the Introduction.
Materials and Methods
The Materials and Methods should clearly list all inclusion and exclusion criteria, methods of research as well as variables evaluated and should state how outcomes were assessed. All terms should be adequately defined and statistical information should be in enough detail so that a study can be repeated.
Results
The Results section should describe the most important findings of the study, analysis, or experiment. The most important results should be indicated and relevant trends and patterns should be described.
Discussion / Conclusion
The Discussion should provide an evaluation of the results. There should be a clear discussion of the implications, significance, and novelty of the results presented and of whether the data support or contradict previous studies.
Appendix
Appendices may contain complementary information that was not integrated into the main text (tables, figures, formulas). They may include references, which should be listed in the general reference list of the manuscript, however, tables and figures should be numbered separately.
Supplementary Material
Supplementary materials, which are directly relevant but not essential to the conclusions of the paper, may be submitted as separate files. Further Information on supplementary material can be found in the Guidelines for Authors.
Statements
All papers must contain the following statements after the main body of the text and before the reference list:
Acknowledgement
In the Acknowledgement section, authors must include individuals and organizations, who have made substantive contributions to the research or the manuscript. The exception is where funding was provided, which should be included in Funding Sources. Please refer to the Guidelines issued by the
ICMJE to determine non-author contributors that should be included in the acknowledgements.
Ethics Statement
Karger Publishers is committed to publishing research that adheres to the highest ethical standards and expects research to comply with the appropriate guidelines for human studies and animal welfare regulations . Copies of these guidelines and policy statements must be available for review by the editors if necessary.
The Ethics Statement should be located after the Acknowledgement section in the manuscript and state, as appropriate, that
- Subjects (or their parents or guardians) have given their written informed consent
- The study protocol has been approved by the research institute’s committee on human research
- Animal experiments conform to internationally accepted standards and have been approved by the appropriate institutional review body
If the paper does not directly relate to human or animal research, please include the statement “The authors have no ethical conflicts to disclose.”
\(^1\)Manuscripts reporting studies on human subjects should include evidence that the research was conducted ethically in accordance with the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. All patients should be identified by numbers or aliases, not by their real names. For clinical trials, registration in a public trials registry before or at the time of first patient enrollment is a condition of consideration for publication. The trial registration number must be provided upon submission at the end of the manuscript. Disclosure Statement
Any financial interests (stocks, patents, employment, honoraria, or royalties) or nonfinancial relationships (political, personal, or professional) that may be interpreted to have influenced the manuscript must be declared in the Disclosure Statement.
If there is no conflict of interest, please state “The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare “.
Funding Sources
Authors must give full details about the funding of any research relevant to their study, including sponsor names and explanations of the roles of these sources in the preparation of data or the manuscript.
Author Contributions
In the Author Contributions section, a short statement detailing the contributions of each person named as an author should be included. If an author is removed or added to the manuscript after submission, an explanation and a signed statement of agreement confirming the requested change is required from all the initially listed authors and from the author to be removed or added.
Contributors to the paper, who do not fulfill the
ICMJE authorship criteria, should be credited in the Acknowledgement section.
References (alphabetical)
The list of references should include only those publications which are cited in the text in alphabetical order. Material submitted for publication but not yet accepted may be cited in the text as ‘unpublished data’ but must not be included in the reference list. The author’s surname should be followed by their initials with no punctuation other than a comma to separate individual authors. Preferably cite all authors (if not possible include at least 3 authors followed by et al). More information on good referencing practice, as well as further examples, can be found in
The National Library of Medicine Style Guide for Authors.
Citations will be automatically formatted upon export according to the journal style.
Citation: \cite{Sawant_2015}
Figure Legends
Fig. 1. Legend text.
Fig. 2. Legend text.
Please note that the figures themselves and all tables should be uploaded separately. They do not constitute a part of the manuscript file.