Objective: This study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of prophylactically administered sildenafil during the early life stages of preterm infants to prevent mortality and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Data Sources: MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Ichushi. Study Selection: Published randomized controlled trials (RCTs), non‐RCTs, interrupted time series, cohort studies, case–control studies, and controlled before‐and-after studies were included. Data Extraction: Two reviewers independently screened the title, abstract, and full text, extracted data, assessed the risk of bias, and evaluated the certainty of evidence (CoE) following the Grading of Recommendations Assessment and Development and Evaluation approach. The random‐effects model was used for a meta‐analysis of RCTs. Results: This review included three RCTs (162 infants). The prophylactic sildenafil and placebo groups demonstrated no significant differences in mortality (risk ratio [RR]: 1.32; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.16–10.76; very low CoE) and BPD (RR: 1.20; 95% CI: 0.79–1.83; very low CoE), as well as in any other outcome assessed (very low CoE). Limitations: The sample sizes were less than the optimal sizes for all outcomes assessed, indicating the need for further trials. Conclusions: The prophylactic use of sildenafil in individuals at risk of BPD did not indicate any advantageous effects in terms of mortality, BPD, and other outcomes, or increased side effects.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) on adolescents born extremely preterm (<28 weeks of gestation). Methods: This multicenter cross‐sectional study included adolescents who were born extremely preterm between 2003 and 2007. Questionnaires regarding the history of respiratory symptoms, asthma, quality of life (QOL), and physical growth were sent to 423 participants by mail, and responses were received from 243 participants (response rate: 57.4%). The average age of the respondents was 16.5 years. The participants were divided into the BPD (n = 140) and non-BPD (n = 103) groups. Results: One of three patients in both groups had been rehospitalized owing to respiratory symptoms; however, the difference was not significant (odds ratio [OR], 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.56–1.65). Respiratory syncytial virus infection was the most common reason for rehospitalization. The prevalence of adolescents with current wheeze were 4.3% and 2.9% in the BPD and non-BPD groups, respectively; however, the difference was not significant (OR, 1.49; 95% CI, 0.36–6.11). QOL scores were similar in both groups (71.9 vs. 71.0, p = 0.61). The z-scores for body weight and height were significantly different (p = 0.01). Conclusion: Adolescents born extremely prematurely with BPD were smaller physically than those without BPD. No significant differences in rehospitalization, asthma, and QOL scores were noted between the two groups. Further studies are needed to determine the impact of BPD on adults.