Glycopeptide from mountain-cultivated ginseng attenuates oxidant-induced
cardiomyocyte and skeletal myoblast injury
Abstract
Background and purpose In Asian traditional medicine, ginseng has been
referred to as the “King of Herbs” because to its extensive
therapeutic and pharmacologic characteristics, particularly in the
treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and illnesses connected to
diabetes. Experimental approach The 80% ethanol extracts of cultivated,
red, and mountain-cultivated ginseng were liquid partitioned with
hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol, respectively. The
residues produced were processed with enzyme-assisted extraction by
different enzymes. Cardiomyocytes, skeletal myoblasts, wild-type AB line
zebrafish and Tg (kdrl:EGFP) zebrafish were used to screen and verify
the protective effect of extracts. Key results APMCG-1 is precipitated
by alkaline protease-assisted extract from mountain-cultivated ginseng
with 30% ethanol, which has a strong scavenging effect on hydroxyl
radicals. In palmitic acid-induced H9c2 cells, APMCG-1 greatly enhanced
cell viability while reducing reactive oxygen species generation and
lactate dehydrogenase levels. Additionally, it reduced endoplasmic
reticulum and mitochondrial dysfunction by increasing the Ca2+ level and
membrane potential of mitochondria in H9c2(2-1) cells. In C2C12 cells
that had been exposed to palmitic acid, APMCG-1 boosted glucose uptake
while lowering creatine kinase levels. More significantly, 5 days after
fertilization Tg (kdrl:EGFP) zebrafish and 1-month-old wild-type
zebrafish with type 2 diabetic symptoms both had lower blood sugar and
lipid levels attributed to APMCG-1. Further, APMCG-1 was identified as a
glycopeptide containing O-linked glycopeptide bonds. Conclusions and
implications As a PI3K/AKT activator, APMCG-1 protects the dysfunction
of oxidant induced cardiomyocytes and skeletal myoblasts in type 2
diabetes, and is a potential therapeutic drug for diabetes.